A Child is Born Summary, Explanation, Word Meanings | BSEB Class 12

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A Child is Born Class 12 English

 

BSEB Class 12 English Chapter 7 A Child is Born Summary, Explanation along with Difficult Word Meanings from Rainbow Book

 

A Child is Born – BSEB Class 12 English Rainbow Book Chapter 7 A Child is Born Summary and detailed explanations of the lesson along with the meanings of difficult words.

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BSEB Class 12 English Rainbow Book Chapter 7 A Child is Born

By Germaine Greer

 

A Child is Born Introduction

The present piece ‘A Child is Born’ is an extract from Germaine’s book Sex and Destiny: The Politics of Human Fertility. It explores the cultural peculiarities of the East and the West regarding child-birth and parent-child relationship. 

A Child is Born Summary

The lesson begins with the discussion about traditional ways of birth and how they can be trusted as they are accepted culturally and collectively. It is normal for a pregnant woman to feel anxious but there are so many rituals related to childbirth that if she starts observing them, it will make her feel more secure and taper down her anxiety levels. Some of these rituals involve her close ones to stay in close proximity with her which does not let her feel lonely at any point. The author also shares an incident of her college acquaintance who took her pregnancy as her term assignment. She did all the physical exercises to ensure natural birth but the hospital refused to believe she was on her second stage of labor till the baby’s head was literally visible. The writer highlights the difference between traditional and modernized ways – the former always attends to childbirth unlike the latter. Nevertheless, it is also true that medicated childbirth has significantly reduced the infant and mother mortality rate over the past half century. 

Post marriage, the woman tends to leave her maternal house and is supposed to now live with her mother-in-law’s house. In cases of arranged marriage, the woman is not made to feel accepted until she bears a child. On the other hand, being amongst unknown people must also make the woman long for a relationship with her child that she shares with her mother. This concept is seen as cruel in the West. Even women who want to raise their voices at international conferences resort to silent opposition due to language barriers. 

In some societies, children are forced to have a closer relationship with the rest of the members of the family than they are allowed with their parents. In many societies of Africa and India, the biological family is deliberately weakened by actual separation from the parents. In such situations, the child is brought into the world after immense pressure from the peer group. Childbirth is also regarded as auspicious and celebratory. A pregnant woman goes to live with her mother for the last few months of her pregnancy where is well taken care of. When a child is seven days old, his naming ceremony is held where people gather to enjoy food, laughter and singing. People from all age groups and gender come, however the singing is mainly done by women and men come to have a look at the baby. 

In Bangladesh, children under the age of five or six are taken care of by other members of the joint family more than her mother. All the children go for a bath in the pond together, have meals together and play with natural stuff. Just when at the end of the day, they come into their mother’s arms to rest and sleep. In such cases, it is common for children to address other aunts as Big mother or Small mother. 

According to the writer, technological advancement brings with it certain issues in society – in fact, one of the most troublesome consequences of westernization is the effect of modern medicine on traditional societies. Allopathy treatment generally requires expensive medicines, superior machinery and loads of electricity, all of which is not available in peasant communities in satisfactory quantities. Foreign medicine worships the system of hospitals but in order to show it’s real power, it generally leads to bad side-effects. When Sheila Kitzinger went to a huge hospital to visit Bantu patients in South Africa, her attention was caught by multiple women shouting in pain in the delivery ward. Most of them were not accompanied by anyone else in the family. According to her, the hospital’s delivery ward was the common point where the ways of old-Africa met new technology of the West. There was blood all over the floor and it looked as if someone had offered it as a sacrifice to the deity. Moreover, Bantu nurses did not bother cleaning it as well and they even left the mothers lying as if they were “witness of the blessings on earth” which are, babies. They ignored the screaming and shouting of women as they paid attention to maintaining the advanced equipment. It was not very hard for the nurses not to pay attention to them as most of them spoke different languages which were hard to understand. One can say that the procedure of childbirth is not carried out how it usually is done but their plight can be compared with the patients of black clinics in American hospitals that are living in large urban separations. 

If childbirth is turned into a disaster from a satisfying personal experience which it is supposed to be, then other problems sound larger than having safe pregnancy with a live and healthy child. It is known that peasant communities have more sound judgment and they are more doubtful towards adopting modern ways than we know. They have opposed our “chromium plated technology” harder than we think. Even though they are well aware that medicated birth is more successful and traditional birth can lead to death but from where they come and live, they know that there are circumstances more unpleasant than death. However, it is quite evident that the only thing stopping technology from being available to each hut and hovel is the state of being poor because otherwise, modern technology is undoubtedly culturally dominant.

The voices of few women are often left unheard by the big noise that modernisation is making. It is just like if we take out the pride and honor out of the satisfaction of having a child, the population will probably stay in check. 

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A Child is Born Summary in Hindi

 

पाठ की शुरुआत जन्म के पारंपरिक तरीकों के बारे में चर्चा से होती है और उन पर कैसे भरोसा किया जा सकता है क्योंकि उन्हें सांस्कृतिक और सामूहिक रूप से स्वीकार किया जाता है। एक गर्भवती महिला के लिए चिंता महसूस करना सामान्य बात है, लेकिन बच्चे के जन्म से संबंधित बहुत सारे अनुष्ठान हैं, अगर वह उनका पालन करना शुरू कर दे, तो इससे वह अधिक सुरक्षित महसूस करेगी और उसकी चिंता का स्तर कम हो जाएगा। इनमें से कुछ अनुष्ठानों में उसके करीबी लोगों को उसके करीब रहना शामिल होता है जो उसे किसी भी समय अकेलापन महसूस नहीं होने देता है। लेखिका अपने कॉलेज परिचित की एक घटना भी साझा करती है जिसने उसकी गर्भावस्था को उसके टर्म असाइनमेंट के रूप में लिया था। उसने प्राकृतिक जन्म सुनिश्चित करने के लिए सभी शारीरिक व्यायाम किए लेकिन अस्पताल ने यह मानने से इनकार कर दिया कि वह प्रसव के दूसरे चरण में थी जब तक कि बच्चे का सिर सचमुच दिखाई नहीं दे गया। लेखक पारंपरिक और आधुनिक तरीकों के बीच अंतर पर प्रकाश डालता है – पहले वाले हमेशा बाद वाले के विपरीत बच्चे के जन्म पर ध्यान देते हैं। फिर भी, यह भी सच है कि पिछली आधी सदी में औषधीय प्रसव से शिशु और मातृ मृत्यु दर में काफी कमी आई है।

शादी के बाद, महिला अपने मायके को छोड़ देती है और अब उसे अपनी सास के घर में रहना पड़ता है। व्यवस्थित विवाह के मामलों में, महिला को तब तक स्वीकार्य महसूस नहीं कराया जाता जब तक कि वह एक बच्चे को जन्म न दे दे। दूसरी ओर, अनजान लोगों के बीच रहने से महिला को अपने बच्चे के साथ संबंध बनाने की लालसा भी होनी चाहिए जिसे वह अपनी मां के साथ साझा करती है। पश्चिम में इस अवधारणा को क्रूर माना जाता है। यहां तक ​​कि जो महिलाएं अंतरराष्ट्रीय सम्मेलनों में अपनी आवाज उठाना चाहती हैं वे भाषा संबंधी बाधाओं के कारण मौन विरोध का सहारा लेती हैं।

कुछ समाजों में, बच्चों को अपने माता–पिता की तुलना में परिवार के बाकी सदस्यों के साथ अधिक घनिष्ठ संबंध रखने के लिए मजबूर किया जाता है। अफ्रीका और भारत के कई समाजों में, माता–पिता से वास्तविक अलगाव के कारण जैविक परिवार को जानबूझकर कमजोर किया जाता है। ऐसी स्थितियों में, बच्चे को सहकर्मी समूह के अत्यधिक दबाव के बाद दुनिया में लाया जाता है। बच्चे के जन्म को भी शुभ और उत्सवपूर्ण माना जाता है। एक गर्भवती महिला अपनी गर्भावस्था के आखिरी कुछ महीनों के लिए अपनी माँ के साथ रहने जाती है जहाँ उसकी अच्छी तरह से देखभाल की जाती है। जब कोई बच्चा सात दिन का हो जाता है, तो उसका नामकरण समारोह आयोजित किया जाता है, जहां लोग भोजन, हंसी–मजाक और गायन का आनंद लेने के लिए इकट्ठा होते हैं। सभी आयु वर्ग और लिंग के लोग आते हैं, हालाँकि गायन मुख्य रूप से महिलाओं द्वारा किया जाता है और पुरुष बच्चे को देखने के लिए आते हैं।

बांग्लादेश में पांच या छह साल से कम उम्र के बच्चों की देखभाल उसकी मां से ज्यादा संयुक्त परिवार के अन्य सदस्य करते हैं। सभी बच्चे एक साथ तालाब में नहाने जाते हैं, एक साथ भोजन करते हैं और प्राकृतिक चीजों से खेलते हैं। दिन के अंत में, वे आराम करने और सोने के लिए अपनी माँ की गोद में आते हैं। ऐसे में बच्चों द्वारा दूसरी मौसी को बड़ी मां या छोटी मां कहकर संबोधित करना आम बात है।

लेखक के अनुसार, तकनीकी प्रगति अपने साथ समाज में कुछ मुद्दे लेकर आती है – वास्तव में, पश्चिमीकरण के सबसे कष्टकारी परिणामों में से एक पारंपरिक समाजों पर आधुनिक चिकित्सा का प्रभाव है। एलोपैथी उपचार के लिए आम तौर पर महंगी दवाओं, बेहतर मशीनरी और भरपूर बिजली की आवश्यकता होती है, जो किसान समुदायों में संतोषजनक मात्रा में उपलब्ध नहीं है। विदेशी दवाएँ अस्पतालों की प्रणाली की पूजा करती हैं लेकिन अपनी वास्तविक शक्ति दिखाने के लिए, यह आम तौर पर बुरे दुष्प्रभावों का कारण बनती है। जब शीला किट्ज़िंगर दक्षिण अफ़्रीका में बंटू रोगियों से मिलने एक बड़े अस्पताल में गईं, तो उनका ध्यान प्रसव वार्ड में दर्द से चिल्ला रही कई महिलाओं पर गया। उनमें से अधिकांश के साथ परिवार में कोई और नहीं था। उनके अनुसार, अस्पताल का प्रसव वार्ड वह सामान्य बिंदु था जहां पुराने अफ्रीका के तरीके पश्चिम की नई तकनीक से मिलते थे। पूरे फर्श पर खून फैला हुआ था और ऐसा लग रहा था जैसे किसी ने इसे देवता को बलि के रूप में चढ़ाया हो। इसके अलावा, बंटू नर्सों ने भी इसे साफ करने की जहमत नहीं उठाई और उन्होंने माताओं को भी ऐसे पड़ा हुआ छोड़ दिया जैसे कि वे “पृथ्वी पर आशीर्वाद के गवाह” हों, यानी बच्चे। उन्होंने महिलाओं की चीख–पुकार को नजरअंदाज कर दिया क्योंकि उन्होंने उन्नत उपकरणों के रखरखाव पर ध्यान दिया। नर्सों के लिए उन पर ध्यान न देना बहुत कठिन नहीं था क्योंकि उनमें से अधिकांश अलग–अलग भाषाएँ बोलती थीं जिन्हें समझना कठिन था। कोई यह कह सकता है कि बच्चे के जन्म की प्रक्रिया उस तरह से नहीं की जाती जिस तरह से आमतौर पर की जाती है, लेकिन उनकी दुर्दशा की तुलना अमेरिकी अस्पतालों में ब्लैक क्लीनिक के उन मरीजों से की जा सकती है जो बड़े शहरी इलाकों में रह रहे हैं।

यदि प्रसव को एक संतोषजनक व्यक्तिगत अनुभव से एक आपदा में बदल दिया जाता है जैसा कि यह माना जाता है, तो अन्य समस्याएं एक जीवित और स्वस्थ बच्चे के साथ सुरक्षित गर्भावस्था की तुलना में बड़ी लगती हैं। यह ज्ञात है कि किसान समुदायों के पास अधिक ठोस निर्णय हैं और वे आधुनिक तरीकों को अपनाने के प्रति हमारी जानकारी से अधिक संदिग्ध हैं। उन्होंने हमारी “क्रोमियम प्लेटेड तकनीक” का जितना हम सोचते हैं उससे कहीं अधिक विरोध किया है। हालाँकि वे अच्छी तरह से जानते हैं कि औषधीय जन्म अधिक सफल होता है और पारंपरिक जन्म से मृत्यु हो सकती है, लेकिन वे जहाँ से आते हैं और रहते हैं, वे जानते हैं कि मृत्यु से भी अधिक अप्रिय परिस्थितियाँ होती हैं। हालाँकि, यह बिल्कुल स्पष्ट है कि प्रौद्योगिकी को प्रत्येक झोपड़ी और कुटी तक उपलब्ध होने से रोकने वाली एकमात्र चीज़ गरीब होने की स्थिति है क्योंकि अन्यथा, आधुनिक तकनीक निस्संदेह सांस्कृतिक रूप से प्रभावशाली है।

आधुनिकीकरण के शोर के कारण अक्सर कुछ महिलाओं की आवाजें अनसुनी रह जाती हैं। यह बिल्कुल वैसा ही है जैसे अगर हम बच्चे होने की संतुष्टि से गर्व और सम्मान निकाल दें, तो जनसंख्या शायद नियंत्रण में रहेगी।

Video Explanation of A Child is Born

 

A Child is Born Lesson Explanation

Passage – 

  1. The ways of managing childbirth in traditional societies are many and varied; their usefulness stems directly from the fact that they are accepted culturally and collectively so that the mother does not have the psychic burden of reinventing the procedures. Even though the potential catastrophes are alive in the memory of her community and the index of anxiety high, a ritual approach to pregnancy which hems the pregnant woman about with taboos and prohibitions helps make the anxiety manageable. A woman who observes all the prohibitions and carries out all the rites will be actively involved in holding the unknown at bay. She will have other reinforcements, for many of the ritual observances of pregnancy involve the participation of others who should support her, primarily her husband, then her kinsfolk and then the other members of her community. Some of these behaviours will be sensible and useful, others magical, but they will all increase her sense of security and her conviction that she is conducting the pregnancy, not that it is conducting her. The remnants of this kind of prophylaxis can be found in the persistence of old wives’ tales about pregnancy even in our own superrational and confused lifestyle. 

 

Word Meaning:
Childbirth– the process of giving birth to a child
Varied- incorporating a number of different types or elements; showing variation or variety
Psychic- mental, related to the laws of the mind
Reinvention- the action or process through which something is changed so much that it appears to be entirely new
Catastrophes- disaster, extreme suffering
Rituals- activities which are part of a religious ceremony
Index- a sign or measure of something
Hems- surrounds or hedges something to control
Taboos- culturally forbidden activities
Prohibitions- works not allowed by law to be done
Anxiety- worry or nervousness
Reinforcements- acts of making something stronger
Rites- a social custom, practice or conventional act
Bay- at a distance, at arm’s length
Kinsfolk- a group of people related by birth
Conviction- a firmly held belief or opinion
Remnants- remains
Prophylaxis- action which is taken to prevent a disease
Persistence- the fact of continuing in an opinion or course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition
Superrational- beyond the scope or range of reason; intuitional

Explanation of the Above Passage – The lesson talks about the multiple ways of giving birth to a child that have been continuing since the traditional times. This helps the mother get rid of the mental burden of creating a new way as the already existing methods are useful, culturally accepted and followed by all. Despite the recollection of memories of sufferings due to childbirth make the mothers anxious, the ritual attitude towards pregnancy that is filled with myths and superstitions, helps control the anxiety. 

It is well-known that a pregnant woman who follows all restrictions and engages herself in all the suggested activities protects herself from any unknown problems. There will also be other ways of strengthening this, that would involve the love and support from those around her – family and people of the community but above all, her husband. Such behavior practices are mostly comforting and realistic, some might be a little superstitious but all of it will make her feel safe and give her an idea that she is in control of her pregnancy. She will begin to believe that it is she who is in control of her pregnancy and not her pregnancy controlling her. The after-effects of such preventive measures can be verified in the various stories that have been passed on from one generation to the next.

 

Passage – One university graduate of my acquaintance who approached her pregnancy as if it were her term assignment, meticulously footnoting every development, clung to her pre-natal exercises as a form of ritual observance as well as a helpful preparation for the physical exploit of childbirth, performing them in deep silence and total recollection at the same time every day come hell or high water. As well, she observed the old diehard superstition that acquiring equipment and apparel for baby before the birth was bad luck, and so one of my godchildren shot into the world without crib or napkins. Considerable effort had gone into seeing that the mother had every opportunity to enjoy her baby, but, after her training for unmedicated childbirth for months, in the event the hospital refused to believe she was in second stage labour until her daughter’s head had appeared … The hospital staff was so uncooperative about breast-feeding that mother and daughter discharged themselves after two days.

Word Meaning:
Acquaintance– a person who knows slightly, but who is not a close friend
Meticulously- in a way that shows great attention to detail; very thoroughly
Footnote- an explanatory or documenting note or comment at the bottom of a page
Clung- adhere or stick firmly or closely to; be hard to part or remove from
Pre-natal – before birth
Physical exploit- a brave, exciting act

Explanation of the Above Passage – The author recollects the case of her casual friend who followed the rituals as if pregnancy were an assignment given to her. She made a note of each progress and did pre-natal exercises to follow the rituals and also to prepare her body to undergo the toll of childbirth. She made sure to perform these in complete silence while being mindful and did it at the same time each day without any miss, regardless of any obstacle. She even went to the extent of following the conservative myth that owning clothes and toys for the baby prior to its birth is considered ill luck which actually resulted in the author’s grandchild being born into the world without any crib or napkins. A lot of efforts were made to make sure the mother enjoyed every step of her pregnancy however, the hospital did not admit that she was in the second stage of her labor till the time the baby’s head was literally visible. This was after she did everything she could to make sure her delivery was natural. Not only this, the hospital staff did not cooperate with them to let her breastfeed her infant, so they left the hospital in two days.

 

Passage – 

  1. This birth was virtually unattended. In non-technocratic societies, except for remarkable accidents, birth is always attended.

 

Word Meaning:
Virtually– nearly, almost
Unattended- not supervised or looked after
Non-technocratic– not so expert in science or technology
Remarkable- worthy of attention; striking

Explanation of the Above Passage – The story of her friend’s labor was the case that was not looked after so closely but generally, in traditional societies, with less access to technology, childbirth is always handled with care, apart from a few cases that catch the attention.

 

Passage – 

  1. Clearly infant and mother mortality is greater in traditional births, but in our anxiety to avoid death we may have destroyed the significance of the experience for the vast majority who live.

 

Word Meaning:
Infant mortality– the death of an infant before his or her first birthday
Mother mortality– deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth

Explanation of the Above Passage – It is clear that death of an infant or the mother in the process of childbirth is more likely to happen in traditional ways of giving birth. However, on the other hand, medicated childbirth can also be seen as taking away the experience of many to undergo natural labor in order to avoid chances of death.

 

Passage – No one would deny that each infant and particularly every maternal death is a tragedy to be prevented if at all possible, nor that modern obstetric care, which has developed in the hospital setting, has been at least partly responsible for the dramatic decrease in both maternal and pre-natal mortality over the past half century. But it is not necessarily perverse to question whether our present priority should be to reach minimum figures for perinatal mortality at any price when this includes giving up things which free human beings have often felt to be more important than their own survival — such as freedom to live their own lives their own way and to make individual choices in line with their own sense of values. ( Kitzinger, Sheila, and John A Davies (eds) The Place of Birth (London 1978) p. v) 

Word Meaning:
Obstetric– branch of medicine concerned with birth of children
Perverse– contrary to the accepted or expected standard or practice
Perinatal– relating to to the time, usually a number of weeks, immediately before and after birth

Explanation of the Above Passage – It is well-accepted that infant and maternal death must be minimized at all costs. Modern obstetrics has played a major role in drastically doing so over the last half century, even though they are known not to care about life or death. However, it would not be contrary to think what our current priorities should be – to minimize the perinatal mortality rate at all costs or to save things that have been considered more important than survival such as the freedom to make decisions about their own life with their senses and to live as they please.

 

Passage –

  1. In many societies women still go forth from their mother’s houses at marriage to live with a mother-in-law and the wives of their husbands’ brothers. It is a truism of anthropology that such women do not become members of their new family until they have borne a child. If we consider that in such societies the marriage was quite likely to have been arranged, it is understandable that the bride too longs for the child who will stand in the same intimate relationship to her as she with her own mother. The western interpretation of such mores is that they are backward, cruel and wrong; it is assumed that the sexual relations between the spouses are perfunctory and exploitative and that all mothers-in-law are unjust and vindictive. 

 

Word Meaning:
Truism– a statement that is obviously true and says nothing new or interesting
Anthropology- the study of human race (the origins, beliefs, etc)
Borne- carried or transported by the thing specified
Interpretation- the action of explaining the meaning of something
Mores- conventions
Perfunctory- done as duty without real interest
Unjust- not based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair
Vindictive- spiteful, harmful

Explanation of the Above Passage – It is a common practice among many societies for a woman to live with her mother-in-law and their side of the family as she leaves her mother’s house after marriage. However, even though she begins to live with her in-laws, it has been proven in the study of the human race that she will not be truly accepted by them unless she bears a child. We can assume that in societies like these, it is common to have arranged marriages and in such situations, even the woman must wish to have a child that would share the same closeness to her as she does with her mother. However, western societies consider these conventions as backward, brutal and unjust because they believe that sexual relations in such situations are maintained primarily to fulfill a duty and not with real interest. They believe that all mothers-in-law are unfair, vengeful and unforgiving. 

 

Passage – One of the greatest difficulties in the way of feminists who are not chauvinistic and want to learn from women who still live within a female society is the tendency of those women to withdraw into silent opposition when participating in international fora conducted in languages which they cannot speak with fluency; women officials of the Sudanese government told me that they had given up going to international conferences, even though the trips were a tremendous treat, because they were tired of being told about their own lives instead of being consulted.

Word Meaning:
Feminists– the believers of the idea that women and men should have equal rights and opportunties
Chauvinistic- related to an aggressive belief that one’s own country or culture is better
Opposition- resistance or dissent, expressed in action or argument
Fora- places of meeting for exchange of ideas
Sudanese- relating to or characteristic of Sudan or its people
Tremendous- very great in amount, scale or intensity

Explanation of the Above Passage – Women who are feminists and dont think anyone is superior, generally face the obstacle of having to resort to silent conflict in international conferences due to language barriers even though they want to learn from women living in female-centric societies. The author shares that one of the women officials of Sudanese government told her that they have lost their hope from international exchanges because they were sick of being told about their problems instead of being asked what their problems were, despite the trips being a great treat.

 

Passage – 

  1. Thus we in the West would regard it as outrageous that a woman could lose her own name and become known as the mother of her first-born, once she has borne it-although of course most of us do not protest against the sinking of the woman’s lineage under her husband’s name at marriage. In many traditional societies the relationship between mother and child is more important than the relationship between husband and wife: in some, indeed, the child’s relationship with the rest of his family is as important or even more important than either.

 

Word Meaning:
Outrageous– shocking and unacceptable
Lineage– direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree 

Explanation of the Above Passage – Western culture might think it is shocking and unacceptable for a woman to lose her identity and to be known as the mother of her firstborn after conceiving it. However, there is rarely anyone who is against the idea of a woman leaving her ancestry and being known by her husband’s name after she has fallen into the institution of marriage. In old societies, the mother-child relationship is considered superior to the one between a husband and a wife and in other places, the child’s relationship with the rest of the family is kept above all other relations.…

Passage – A number of social usages may stress the child’s relationship with the rest of his kin-group at the expense of that with his parents. His aunts and uncles may be permitted greater physical intimacy with him in public than his parents. In many traditional societies in Africa and India the biological family is deliberately weakened, by enforced abstinence or actual separation of parents, in order to strengthen the extended family – thus children are not born at the whim of the parents, but in response to a broader pressure from the whole group. (Caldwell, J,C., “The Economic Rationality of High Fertility: An Investigation Illustrated with Nigerian Survey Data”, Population Studies, vol. 31, No. 1 (1976) p. 5-6) 

Word Meaning:
Kin-group– a group of people related by blood or marriage
Permitted- authorize or allow (something)
Intimacy- close familiarity or friendship
Deliberately- consciously and intentionally; on purpose
Enforced- caused by necessity or force; compulsory
Abstinence- the practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something
Whim- a sudden desire or change of mind, especially one that is unusual or unexplained.

Explanation of the Above Passage – In those societies, the rest of the relatives have more social rights over the child than its own parents, like being allowed to have more physical contact with the child in public. In conventional countries like India and Africa, the close relationship between a child and its biological parents is moderated by intentionally restraining their contact or by actually moving them apart so as to nourish the child’s relationship with the rest of the family. Hence, in societies like these, children are not born by the will of the parents but after a large amount of pressure from the family.

Passage – 

  1. The woman who satisfies the longings of her peers by producing the child they are all anxious to see, finds her achievement celebrated in ways that dramatise her success. Among the few first-person accounts of how this works in practice is this one from a young Sylheti woman:

If a girl is lucky, and her parents are alive, she goes to her mother’s house for the last few months of her pregnancy and about the first three months of the baby’s life. There she gets a lot of love and care. She is asked, “What would you like to eat? What do you fancy?” All the time she is looked after. The whole matter of pregnancy is one of celebration. When the baby is born it is an occasion of joy for the whole family. 

Word Meaning:
Longings– a yearning desire
Dramatise-  exaggerate the seriousness or importance of (an incident or situation)
Sylheti- a native or inhabitant of the region around Sylhet, a city in north-eastern Bangladesh

Explanation of the Above Passage – The woman who brings a child to this world fulfills the desire of the people around her who are all excited to see the child. These people then celebrate her success. A story of how this is practically seen is shared by a Sylheti woman who told her personal experience. For the last months of her pregnancy and first 3 months after childbirth, the woman goes to her mother’s home if she is lucky enough to have her parents by her side. There, she is taken care of. She is asked whatever she would like to eat and what she feels like doing. Pregnancy is something well-celebrated and when a child is born, it brings lots of joy and laughter in the family.

 

Passage – The naming ceremony is lovely. It is held when the boy is seven days old. A new dress is brought for it and a new sari for the mother. There is feasting and singing until late at night. The women and girls gather and sing songs. Garlands of turmeric and garlic are worn to ward off evil spirits. That’s when the name is chosen … The ceremony is held for the birth of a boy or a girl. Of course it is considered better to have a boy, but the birth of a girl is celebrated with the same joy by the women in the family. We sit together eating pan and singing. Some of us might be young unmarried girls, others aged ladies of forty or fifty. There are so many jokes, so much laughter. People look so funny eating pan and singing. The men don’t take much part. They may come and have a look at the baby, but the singing, the gathering together at night — it is all women. The songs are simple songs which are rarely written down. They are about the lives of women in Bengal. (Wilson, Amrit, Finding a Voice : Asian Women in Britain (London, 1978) p. 22)

Word Meaning:
Feasting- eat and drink sumptuously
Garlands- a wreath of flowers and leaves, worn on the head or hung as a decoration
Ward off – prevent someone or something from harming or affecting one
Pan- betel leaves prepared and used as a stimulant

Explanation of the Above Passage – A baby is named when he is seven days old and the ceremony is joyous. Both the mother and the child wear newly bought clothes and people gather to eat, drink and sing all day to their heart’s content to celebrate the birth of a child. In order to shoo away the evil spirits, garlands of turmeric and garlic are worn before choosing a suitable name. People prefer having a baby boy come to their home but both boys and girls are admired equally by women of the family. On the celebration of birth, people come together and enjoy eating pan while singing. Regardless of age, everyone is present – from unmarried girls to middle-aged women of forty or fifty. The atmosphere is filled with jokes and laughter and everyone looks amusing singing while having a pan stuffed in their mouths. It is generally women who do all the singing. They sing normal songs that haven’t been written down but are based on the lives of women in Bengal. The whole ceremony doesn’t involve any major role of men – they may still come and peek at the baby.

 

Passage – 

  1. Among the rewards of pregnancy in this case, as in many others, is that the woman gets to go home to visit her mother and sisters; the nostalgic tone of the description, which is clearly tinged with rose, may be the product of the contrast that this young woman finds in England. 

 

Word Meaning:
Nostalgic– related to fascination for the past
Tinged- added
Contrast- when compared to another

Explanation of the Above Passage – There are many ways in which a pregnant woman is taken care of and one of the major perks of pregnancy in this situation is that she gets to stay with her mother and sisters while reliving the joys of her past. This comes with rose (love and beauty) when compared to young women in England.

Passage – Another of the Asian women who found a voice in Amrit Wilson’s book gives a similarly-rosy picture of rearing a child in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh children under the age of five or six are looked after by the whole family. All the children of the joint family are looked after together. They are taken to the pond for a bath perhaps by one daughter-in-law, and she bathes them all. Then they all come in and sit down to eat. Perhaps the youngest daughter-in-law has cooked the meal. Another woman feeds them. As for playing the children play out of doors with natural objects. Here people say that Asian children don’t play with toys. In Bangladesh they don’t need toys. They make their own simple things … In the afternoon they love to hear Rupthoka (fairy tales). Maybe there is a favourite aunt, she tells them these stories. But at night when they get sleepy they always go to their mothers and sleep in their embrace. But other women do help a lot, in fact, they have such strong relationships with the child that it is not uncommon for them to be called Big Mother or Small Mother … (Wilson, Amrit, Finding a Voice : Asian Women in Britain (London, 1978) p. 25)

Word Meaning:
Embrace-hold (someone) closely in one’s arms, especially as a sign of affection
Rearing- the process of raising, feeding and taking care of a child

Explanation of the Above Passage – An Asian woman shared a story about the lovely experience of raising a child in Bangladesh in one of Amrit Wilson’s books. She shared how children under the age of six are taken care of by the whole family in Bangladesh. All the children of a joint family are raised together. They are taken for a bath at the nearby pond by one of the daughter-in-laws of the family whereas the youngest daughter-in-law keeps the meal ready for the children to feast on when they come back from their bath. It is made sure that they have eaten well by another woman of the family. Children in Asia, particularly in Bangladesh do not play with toys, instead they play outdoors with natural stuff. They know how to make toys from natural objects. In the evening, they generally get to hear fairy tales (known as Rupthoka) by aunties or probably, their favorite aunt. When the night comes, it is the mother who the child returns to. The child sleeps in her arms. In raising a child, a lot of other women of the family are involved who the child maintains a good relationship with. In the process, they come so close that it is common to call them Big Mother or Small Mother.

 

Passage – 

  1. All technological change causes social problems; the impact of Western medicine in traditional societies is one of the most problematic areas of modernization. The prestige of the white-coats is enormous, the respect for their miraculous hypodermics total. The pressure of expectation makes for aggressive and dramatic procedures even when the health status of the patients is too poor to withstand them. Allopathic doctors in peasant communities are dependent upon expensive drugs, sparkling equipment and lots of electricity, most of which they have not got in sufficient quantity. 

 

Word Meaning:
Modernization– the process of adapting something to modern needs or habits
Prestige- widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or something on the basis of a perception of their achievements or quality
White-coats – a long white protective garment worn by doctors, hospital attendants
Miraculous- like a miracle, extraordinary
Hypodermics- related to the science of injection
Withstand- remain undamaged or unaffected by; resist

Explanation of the Above Passage – Technological advancement brings with it certain issues in society – in fact, one of the most troublesome consequences of westernization is the effect of modern medicine on traditional societies. However, the respect for the doctors is huge and the admiration towards the extraordinary effects of modern medicine is absolute. There is so much burden on modern medicine that it results in a patient undergoing heavy and complex courses of action even when the patient’s health is not strong enough to bear them. Allopathic treatment generally requires expensive medicines, superior machinery and loads of electricity, all of which is not available in peasant communities in satisfactory quantities.  

 

Passage – Where foreign aid has established that temple of our religion, the hospital, it must make a ritual display of its power with horrible results: Sheila Kitzinger visited an enormous modern hospital for “Bantu patients’ in South Africa, and this is what she saw:

The delivery ward was full of groaning, whirling women – the majority laboring alone. Oxytocin drips and pumps were in widespread use. This was the meeting place of the old Africa and the new technology of the West. Pools of blood lay on the floor like sacrificial out-pourings, and Bantu nurses were happy to leave them there as a witness of the blessings of the earth, while they busied themselves with technologically sophisticated modern equipment and ignored the laboring women as far as possible, which it was not so difficult to do as they did not speak the same languages anyway … Birth was very far from normal here and it was conducted in such a way that I had seen before in American hospitals catering for black “clinic’ patients from large urban ghettos: impersonal conveyor-belt obstetrics accompanied by a plethora of technical innovations and machinery. (Kitzinger, Women as Mothers. P 109)

Word Meaning:
Enormous– huge, immense
Ghettos- suffocating separations
Groaning- sound emitted involuntarily under pressure of pain or suffering
Whirling- characterized by rapid movement round and round
Oxytocin drip- a natural hormone that causes the uterus to contract used to induce labor, strengthen labor contractions during childbirth, control bleeding after childbirth
Widespread- found or distributed over a large area or number of people
Sacrificial out–pourings- blood offered as a sacrifice to spiritual agencies
Sophisticated- advanced and of a higher standard
Plethora- a large or excessive amount of something

Explanation of the Above Passage – Foreign medicine worships the system of hospitals but in order to show it’s real power, it generally leads to bad side-effects. When Sheila Kitzinger went to a huge hospital to visit Bantu patients in South Africa, her attention was caught by multiple women shouting in pain in the delivery ward. Most of them were not accompanied by anyone else in the family. Since all of these women were about to go into labor, oxytocin drips and pumps were widely being used. According to her, the hospital’s delivery ward was the common point where the ways of old-Africa met new technology of the West. There was blood all over the floor and it looked as if someone had offered itself as a sacrifice to the deity. Moreover, Bantu nurses did not bother cleaning it and they even left the mothers lying as if they were “witness of the blessings on earth” which are, babies. They ignored the screaming and shouting of women as they paid attention to maintaining the advanced equipment. It was not very hard for the nurses not to pay attention to them as most of them spoke different languages which were hard to understand. One can say that the procedure of childbirth was not carried out how it usually is done but their plight can be compared with the patients of black clinics in American hospitals that are living in large urban separations. One can see common conveyor belts being used for childbirth combined with huge technical equipment.

 

Passage – 

  1. If we turn birth from a climactic personal experience into a personal disaster, it matters little that the result is more likely to be a live child. Women will not long continue to offer up their bodies and minds to such brutality, especially if there is no one at home to welcome the child, to praise the mother for her courage and to help her raise it. In fact peasant communities are more levelheaded and sceptical of us and our methods than we realise and they have resisted the intrusion of our chromium plated technology more successfully than we like to think. They know that death attends too frequently in the traditional birthplace, but they also know that there are worse fates than death. Nevertheless, all that stops our technology from reaching into every hut and hovel is poverty: the cultural hegemony of Western technology is total.

 

Word Meaning:
Climactic– acting as a culmination or resolution to a series of events; forming an exciting climax
Levelheaded– having or showing sound judgment
Sceptical- having doubts
Intrusion- the process of intruding
Hovel- a small home, especially one that is dirty and in bad condition
Hegemony- dominance

Explanation of the Above Passage – If childbirth is turned into a disaster from a satisfying personal experience which it is supposed to be, then other problems sound larger than having safe pregnancy with a live and healthy child. It is only upto a limit that a woman can let her body and mind undergo such cruelty, in cases where she has to raise the child alone as she has no one to welcome her and the baby at home. Since she is all alone, she has no one to appreciate her bravery that it takes to give birth and help her raise a baby. It is known that peasant communities have more sound judgment and they are more doubtful towards adopting modern ways than we know. They have opposed our “chromium plated technology” harder than we think. Even though they are well aware that medicated birth is more successful and traditional birth can lead to death but from where they come and live, they know that there are circumstances more unpleasant than death. However, it is quite evident that the only thing stopping technology from being available to each hut and hovel is the state of being poor because otherwise, modern technology is undoubtedly culturally dominant.

 

Passage – 

  1. The voices of a few women raised in warning cannot be heard over the humming and throbbing of our machines, which is probably just as well, for if we succeed in crushing all pride and dignity out of child bearing, the population explosion will take care of itself. 

 

Word Meaning:
Humming– to make the buzzing noise of a flying insect
Throbbing- beating with a strong, regular rhythm; pulsating
Population explosion- a sudden, large increase in the size of a population

Explanation of the Above Passage – The voices of a few women are often left unheard by the big noise that modernisation is making. It is just like if we take out the pride and honor out of the satisfaction of having a child, the population will probably stay in check because then many women will not be interested in bearing a child. 

BSEB Class 12 English Lessons Explanation

 

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