BSEB Class 12 English Rainbow Book Lesson 5 Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Question Answer
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- Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Textbook Question and Answers
- Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Multiple Choice Questions
- Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Extract Based Questions
- Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Class 12 Summary, Explanation, Question Answers
BSEB Class 12 English Chapter 5 Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Textbook Question and Answers
B.1. Read the following sentences and write T for true and F for false statements:
i. Ideas help mankind.
ii. Survival was never a problem for homo sapiens.
iii. Long infancy was a biological advantage to mankind.
iv. Man’s earliest technical skill was devoted to increasing their population.
v. Congenital skills play a more important role than the acquired skills.
vi. Unlike birds, human beings can foresee a catastrophe.
vii. Forethought can avert physical danger.
viii. The intelligent qualities account for the glory of man.
viii. In a secure future there are neither worries nor lack of joy.
Answer-
i. Ideas help mankind. – True
ii. Survival was never a problem for homo sapiens.– False
iii. Long infancy was a biological advantage to mankind.– True
iv. Man’s earliest technical skill was devoted to increasing their population.– False
v. Congenital skills play a more important role than the acquired skills.– True
vi. Unlike birds, human beings can foresee a catastrophe.– True
vii. Forethought can avert physical danger.– True
viii. The intelligent qualities account for the glory of man.– True
ix. In a secure future there are neither worries nor lack of joy. – True
B.2.1. Read the following sentences and write T for true and F for false statements:
i. Utilization of fire was a milestone in human progress.
ii. Fire was used only for cooking.
iii. Domestication of animals had nothing to do with religion.
iv. Our earliest form of writing was pictorial.
v. Invention of agriculture was less important than domestication of animals.
vi. In course of time we have progressed.
Answer-
i. Utilization of fire was a milestone in human progress.– True
ii. Fire was used only for cooking.– False
iii. Domestication of animals had nothing to do with religion.– False
iv. Our earliest form of writing was pictorial.– True
v. Invention of agriculture was less important than domestication of animals.– False
vi. In course of time we have progressed.– True
B.2. 2. Answer the following questions briefly :
1) Has civilization taught us to be more friendly towards one another?
Answer-
Yes, civilization has most certainly taught us to be more friendly towards one another. This can be seen through the example of British species of Robins who pokes an elderly Robin to death whereas, on the other hand, English men regard their old-age men with pension to support their livelihood.
2) What is our attitude towards those ‘outside our herd’?
Answer-
Our attitude towards those outside the herd, in spite of all that has been done by moralists and religious teachers, our emotions are as ferocious as those of any animal, and our intelligence enables us to give them a scope which is denied to even the most savage beast.
3) What are the two broad categories of ideas that have helped mankind?
Answer-
The ideas that have helped the mankind can be broadly categorized into two types – one, concerning development in technique and knowledge and the second, contributing towards morals and politics.
4) Did language play a role in human development?
Answer-
Yes, language played a very important role in human development. Without it, it would have been very difficult to hand on from generation to generation the inventions and discoveries that were gradually made.
5) How many languages do you know apart from your mother tongue? Has it helped you in any way?
Answer-
Apart from my mother tongue, I know three languages – Punjabi, English and German. Fluency in these languages has not only helped me communicate with different diversities of people, but has also enabled me to understand them better. English is spoken worldwide and hence, it allowed me access to learn about a lot of cultures and their people.
C.1. Long Answer Questions
- Discuss the ideas that have helped mankind.
Answer-
Bertrand Russell shares a few ideas that might or might not have helped mankind.
He begins by talking about how an increase in the population has helped the human race. Long time ago, humans were very few in number, barely surviving and they lived in jungles and caves fearing the wild animals but with an increase in their number, they surely have been able to make a dominant position for themselves. Their intelligence has played a vital part in their development. Next is happiness – which has been explained with the example of birds that die in huge numbers in winters due to starvation. Despite the situation, they continue to live through summers without the fear of the past and worry of the future. On the other hand, this is not the case with human beings. This is because a man’s suffering is not only caused by the bad experiences he faces, but also by his own intelligence that turns against him and tells him that he has every reason to be fearful.
Talking about the varieties of means of entertainment, the case is opposite than that of happiness. Music, poetry, science, sports and even alcohol have proven to be of no enjoyment to animals. Hence, it is our intelligence that has allowed us to enjoy many more varieties of entertainment than is available to animals but this has also come at a much higher cost – the burden on boredom.
The next aspect is civilization. This has been explained using an example of Robins who poke elderly Robins to death and on the other hand, human beings provide elderly men access to pension to be able to survive. Hence, when it comes to people within their own group, human beings are way more kind and compassionate but when it concerns people outside their herd, they can be far worse than animals.
A great invention that has helped mankind is the invention of language because of which it has been made possible to pass on ideas from generation to generation. Similarly, the invention of fire has not only helped humans to keep away wild animals while they slept, but an accident involving a wrongfully thrown meat by a child in the fire led to the discovery of cooking. Life must have been made more easier and comfortable after the beginning of domestication of animals like the cow and the sheep. The tribes that worshiped lions and crocodiles went into extinction whereas those who considered cows and sheeps as sacred grew stronger and healthier.
According to the author, the invention of agriculture has proved to be more useful than the domestication of animals but it led to the introduction of many blood thirsty and violent practices that stayed for a lot of centuries. It is only now that it has been established that the crops will grow themselves and cotton goods can be produced even without sacrificing the lives of young children. Thus, it can be considered as evidence for development in the world.
Lastly, the author calls the art of writing as the last of the greatest inventions of the prehistoric period. It acted as a precondition for history to be written. It developed slowly over time like speech.
- How are human beings different from animals? Explain.
Answer-
Over the period of time, humans have advanced that has made them different from animals. There are two major aspects where this has been observed – one, apart from having the intelligence they are born with, skills continue to grow with time while proving their importance in the evolution of man and second being the belief that with greater numbers comes more power. The author is definite that in these aspects, humans have become distinguished from animals.
Talking about happiness as an idea that helped mankind, the author is quite not sure. He mentions that a large number of birds die in winters due to lack of food but during summers, they do not worry about this upcoming disaster nor do they recall how much they had to suffer during the last winter season. But it is not the case with human beings. Unlike birds, there was a lot of fear, dread and uneasiness before and during the time starvation took so many lives. This is because a man’s suffering is not only caused by the bad experiences he faces, but also by his own intelligence that turns against him and tells him that he has every reason to be fearful. The author doubts that even the well-read and educated men he knows of, despite having a stable income, are more satisfied than the mice that eat the leftovers from their table as these intellectual minds sleep.
Not only this, the British species of Robins pokes an elderly Robin to death whereas, on the other hand, English men regard their old-age men with pension to support their livelihood. Hence, when it comes to human beings, they are more comfortable and kind with like-minded people than many species of animals but with people outside their group, they are not as friendly.
- How has the civilization helped us? Discuss.
Answer-
Civilization might have taught us to be more friendly towards one another? The english species of Robins peck an elderly robin to death, whereas British men give an elderly man an old-age pension. Within the herd we are more friendly to each other than are many species of animals, but in our attitude towards those outside the herd, in spite of all that has been done by moralists and religious teachers, our emotions are as ferocious as those of any animal, and our intelligence enables us to give them a scope which is denied to even the most savage beast. It may be hoped, though not very confidently, that the more humane attitude will in time come to prevail, but so far the omens are not very propitious.
According to the author, one can only hope and not be confident about the scope for more compassionate and kind attitude towards each other in the future because uptil now, the predictions have not been very favorable.
- Is it important for us to be civilized? Give examples of the civilized behaviour that you practise in your everyday life.
Answer-
Yes, it is very important to be civilized and act in a polite and well-mannered way. Civilization is one of the things that set human beings apart from other species. Civilized behavior can broadly be categorized into two types – one, moral and second, material. The moral aspect of civilized behavior includes greeting our elders, treating everyone equally and with respect, and helping others in need. On the other hand, the material aspect includes becoming educated, securing and maintaining a decent standard of living that earns an individual a reputable place in the society.
C. 3. COMPOSITION
- Write a letter to your friend in Delhi about the culture of Bihar.
Answer-
129, DLF Phase – 1
Gurgaon, Haryana – 1100XX
September 14, 2022
Dear Ram,
I hope you receive this letter in the best of your health. In this letter, I would like to make you familiar with Bihar, the third most populous state in the country. It is one of the strongest agricultural states. Bihar has a rich cultural heritage. It is the land of Buddhism and Jainism. It is a state with a culturally mixed population. We have Hindus, Muslims, Jain, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians living here. Bihar has a rich cultural background to be proud of. People here are shy, honest, helpful, and confident in themselves. I really hope that you get a chance to visit Bihar; I can assure you that you will love the state.
Yours lovingly
Naman
- Write a paragraph in about 100 words on the ‘significance of original thinking’.
Answer-
The art of original thinking is crucial because the problems of tomorrow can not be solved with the mindset of yesterday. The ideas for the greatest inventions of all times did not come to those who kept following the herd but to those who dared to think differently. Like-minded people may get along with each other but people with a different mindset walk ahead of everyone. It is easy to copy others but it takes courage, confidence and a lot of effort into thinking differently and acting upon it. The end result however, might not always be great but a mind put into the habit of original thinking will never fail in life.
D. WORD STUDY
D.1. Dictionary Use
Ex. 1. Correct the spelling of the following words.
| numerus | prelimnary | continualy |
| vareity | teknique | acquaintence |
Answer-
| Numerus – Numerous | Prelimnary – Preliminary | Continualy – Continually |
| Vareity – Variety | Teknique – Technique | Acquaintence – Acquaintance |
Ex. 2. Look up a dictionary and write two meanings of each of the following words – the one in which it is used in the lesson and the other which is more common:
| herd | catastrophe | numbers |
| brutes | biological | skill |
| century | passage | erudite |
Answer-
Herd
As per lesson- a large group of animals, especially hoofed mammals, that live together or are kept together as livestock
Other meaning- move in a group.
Catastrophe-
As per lesson- sudden great disaster
Other meaning- something very unfortunate or unsuccessful
Numbers-
As per lesson- a quantity or amount
Other meaning- an arithmetical value, expressed by a word, symbol, or figure, representing a particular quantity and used in counting and making calculations
Brutes-
As per lesson- animals especially large and fierce
Other meaning- an animal as opposed to a human being
Biological-
As per lesson- relating to biology or living organisms
Other meaning- (of a member of a person’s family) genetically related; related by blood
Skill-
As per lesson- the ability to do something well; expertise
Other meaning- train (a worker) to do a particular task
Century-
As per lesson- a period of one hundred years
Other meaning- a score of a hundred in a sporting event, especially a batsman’s score of a hundred runs in cricket
Passage-
As per lesson- the action or process of moving through or past somewhere on the way from one place to another
Other meaning- a narrow way allowing access between buildings or to different rooms within a building; a passageway
Erudite-
As per lesson- intellectual, cultured
Other meaning- having or showing great knowledge or learning
D.2. Word-formation
Read the following sentences, carefully:
Given below is a list of words from the lesson. Write their antonyms by adding prefixes like ‘in-‘, ‘un-‘, ‘dis-‘, ‘im-‘
| advantage | certain | definite |
| friendly | moral | agreeable |
| sure | foreseen | pleasure |
Answer-
| Advantage- Disadvantage | Certain- Uncertain | Definite- Indefinite |
| Friendly- Unfriendly | Moral- Immoral | Agreeable- Disagreeable |
| Sure- Unsure | Foreseen- Unforeseen | Pleasure- Displeasure |
D.3. Word-meaning
Ex. 1. Match the words given in Column A with their meanings in Column B
| Column A | Column B |
| hirsute | nod off |
| catastrophe | auspicious |
| erudite | cultured |
| snooze | barbarism |
| humane | sudden great disaster |
| propitious | compassionate |
| cannibalism | covered with hair, furry |
Answer-
| Column A | Column B |
| hirsute | covered with hair, furry |
| catastrophe | sudden great disaster |
| erudite | cultured |
| snooze | nod off |
| humane | Compassionate |
| propitious | auspicious |
| cannibalism | barbarism |
D. 4. Phrases
Ex.1. Read the lesson carefully and find out the sentences in which the following phrases have been used. Use these phrases in sentences of your own:
| at any rate | have to do with | hand on | last for | tend to |
Answer-
At any rate- At any rate, I promise to be there even if I’m a little late
Have to do with- Billy and his father have had nothing to do with each other for nearly twenty years
Hand on- Increasingly, CEOs are taking a hands-on approach to information security
Last for- The room freshener did not last for long.
Tend to- I think you tend to eat more in the winter season.
E. GRAMMAR
Ex.1. Read the following sentences, taken from the lesson, carefully:
a) I will say a preliminary word about them.
b) Birds die of hunger in large numbers during the winter.
You see that the word ‘about’ in the first sentence is used before a pronoun ‘them’. Similarly, ‘of ‘, ‘in’ and ‘during’ in the second sentence are used before a noun ‘hunger’, a noun phrase ‘large number’ and a noun ‘winter’ respectively. Such a word or group of words used before a noun or pronoun to show relation in terms of place, position, time or method is known as reposition.
Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions:
a) Please read ………. line 5 ………………. page 10.
b) Birds die ……………. hunger ……………. the winter.
c) Mamta prefers coffee ………………… tea.
d) Mahatma Gandhi was born ………………… Porbandar ……………………… Gujarat.
e) Chhabi swam ………….. the river.
f) We have become ………………. certain respects less like animals.
Answer-
a) Please read in line 5 on page 10.
b) Birds die of hunger during the winter.
c) Mamta prefers coffee over
d) Mahatma Gandhi was born at Porbandar in
e) Chhabi swam across the river.
f) We have become in certain respects less like animals.
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BSEB Class 12 English Chapter 5 Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Extra Question and Answers
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- What is the most indubitable respect in which ideas have helped mankind?
A) Increasing happiness
B) Increasing diversity of experiences
C) Increasing numbers
D) Increasing friendliness
Ans: C) Increasing numbers
- What does the author suggest about the early human population?
A) It was very large and prosperous.
B) It was very small and struggled to survive.
C) It was evenly distributed across the planet.
D) It lived in organized societies.
Ans: B) It was very small and struggled to survive.
- What is one way humans have become less like animals?
A) Increased reliance on congenital traits
B) Greater reliance on acquired skills
C) Decreased use of intelligence
D) Reduced dominance of reasoning over impulse
Ans: B) Greater reliance on acquired skills
- What does the author say about human happiness compared to animals?
A) Humans are generally happier than animals.
B) Animals experience less anxiety than humans.
C) Both humans and animals experience the same level of happiness.
D) Animals remember past hardships, while humans do not.
Ans: B) Animals experience less anxiety than humans.
- What disadvantage does intelligence bring according to the passage?
A) Reduced adaptability
B) Increased liability to boredom
C) Less awareness of future challenges
D) Greater physical agility
Ans: B) Increased liability to boredom
- Why does the author doubt progress in human happiness?
A) Humans have fewer pleasures than animals.
B) Human forethought causes worry and lack of joy.
C) Physical disasters are not averted by intelligence.
D) Learned men are happier than animals.
Ans: B) Human forethought causes worry and lack of joy.
- What is one aspect of progress that distinguishes humans from animals?
A) A greater diversity of enjoyments
B) An absence of fear
C) A simpler way of life
D) Increased reliance on instinct
Ans: A) A greater diversity of enjoyments
- What are the two types of ideas discussed in the passage?
A) Knowledge and morals
B) Language and fire
C) Political and social ideas
D) Morals and politics, and knowledge and technique
Ans: D) Morals and politics, and knowledge and technique
- What is the likely origin of language according to the passage?
A) It developed abruptly at a specific point in history.
B) It began gradually and evolved over time.
C) It was invented after the art of writing.
D) It originated through divine intervention.
Ans: B) It began gradually and evolved over time.
- What was one early use of fire?
A) Cooking
B) Warding off wild beasts
C) Starting agriculture
D) Writing messages
Ans: B) Warding off wild beasts
- How does the passage explain the discovery of cooking?
A) By accident when meat was thrown into a fire
B) Through deliberate experimentation
C) As a result of religious rituals
D) By observing wild animals
Ans: A) By accident when meat was thrown into a fire
- What does the author mean by “greater liability to boredom”?
A) Animals are more prone to boredom than humans.
B) Humans experience boredom due to diverse enjoyments.
C) Humans are free from boredom due to their intelligence.
D) Animals have fewer opportunities for boredom.
Ans: B) Humans experience boredom due to diverse enjoyments.
- What early agricultural practices were linked to bloodthirsty rituals?
A) Use of fertilizers
B) Human sacrifice and cannibalism
C) Worship of animals
D) Rotation of crops
Ans: B) Human sacrifice and cannibalism
- What invention is considered a prerequisite for history?
A) Agriculture
B) Writing
C) Domestication of animals
D) Fire
Ans: B) Writing
- How does the passage describe the development of writing?
A) It emerged suddenly with the invention of the alphabet.
B) It evolved gradually from pictures to the alphabet.
C) It was invented before the domestication of animals.
D) It remained unchanged since its inception.
Ans: B) It evolved gradually from pictures to the alphabet.
- What step in writing development was never taken in China?
A) Use of picture writing
B) Transition to syllable writing
C) Development of the alphabet
D) Use of writing for religious purposes
Ans: C) Development of the alphabet
- What does the author suggest about ideas that contribute to knowledge?
A) They are less important than moral ideas.
B) They played a key role in early human survival.
C) They were irrelevant before the invention of agriculture.
D) They are exclusively related to modern technology.
Ans: B) They played a key role in early human survival.
- What does the passage suggest about moral progress?
A) It has surpassed progress in knowledge.
B) It is less evident compared to technical progress.
C) It has not occurred in any form.
D) It is the primary driver of human advancement.
Ans: B) It is less evident compared to technical progress.
- What historical invention does the author view as most crucial for communication?
A) Agriculture
B) Fire
C) Writing
D) Domestication of animals
Ans: C) Writing
- How does the author view the relationship between intelligence and anxiety?
A) Intelligence eliminates anxiety.
B) Intelligence is a source of anxiety.
C) Intelligence is unrelated to anxiety.
D) Intelligence reduces the diversity of pleasures.
Ans: B) Intelligence is a source of anxiety.
Extract Based Questions
A. The most indubitable respect in which ideas have helped mankind is numbers. There must have been a time when homo sapiens was a very rare species, subsisting precariously in jungles and caves, terrified of wild beats, having difficulty in securing nourishment. At this period the biological advantage of his greater intelligence, which was cumulative because it could be handed on from generation to generation, had scarcely begun to overweigh the disadvantages of his long infancy, his lessened agility as compared with monkeys, and his lack of hirsute protection against cold. In those days, the number of men must certainly have been very small.
The main use to which, throughout the ages, men have put their technical skill has been to increase the total population.
Q1. What is the most undeniable way ideas have helped mankind?
Ans: By increasing their numbers.
Q2. What challenges did early Homo sapiens face?
Ans: They struggled to secure nourishment, were terrified of wild beasts, and lacked agility and protection against cold.
Q3. Why was early human intelligence initially not a significant advantage?
Ans: Its benefits were cumulative over generations and did not immediately outweigh disadvantages like long infancy and reduced agility.
Q4. What does the passage say about the size of the early human population?
Ans: The population was very small.
Q5. What has been the primary application of technical skill throughout human history?
Ans: To increase the total population.
B. As to happiness, I am not sure. Birds, it is true, die of hunger in large numbers during the winter, if they are not birds of passage. But during the summer they do not foresee this catastrophe, or remember how nearly it befell them in the previous winter. With human beings the matter is otherwise. I doubt whether the percentage of birds that will have died of hunger during the present winter (1946-47) is as great as the percentage of human beings that will have died from this cause in India and central Europe during the same period. But every human death by starvation is preceded by a long period of anxiety, and surrounded by the corresponding anxiety of neighbours. We suffer not only the evils that actually befall us, but all those that our intelligence tells us we have reason to fear. The curbing of impulses to which we are led by forethought averts physical disaster at the cost of worry and general lack of joy. I do not think that the learned men of my acquaintance, even when they enjoy a secure income, are as happy as the mice that eat the crumbs from their tables while the erudite gentlemen snooze. In this respect, therefore, I am not convinced that there has been any progress at all.
Q1. Why does the author question progress in human happiness?
Ans: Because human intelligence leads to anxiety about future dangers, reducing joy even when physical disasters are averted.
Q2. How do birds differ from humans in their response to hardships like hunger?
Ans: Birds do not foresee or remember catastrophes, whereas humans anticipate and worry about them.
Q3. What comparison does the author make regarding starvation in 1946-47?
Ans: The percentage of humans dying from starvation in India and central Europe was likely higher than that of birds dying from hunger.
Q4. What does the author observe about the happiness of learned men compared to animals?
Ans: Learned men, despite secure incomes, are less happy than mice eating crumbs without worry.
Q5. What is the cost of forethought and curbing impulses in humans?
Ans: It averts physical disasters but causes worry and a general lack of joy.
C. Has civilization taught us to be more friendly towards one another? The answer is easy. Robins (the English, not the American species) peck an elderly robin to death, whereas men (the English, not the American species) give an elderly man an old-age pension. Within the herd we are more friendly to each other than are many species of animals, but in our attitude towards those outside the herd, in spite of all that has been done by moralists and religious teachers, our emotions are as ferocious as those of any animal, and our intelligence enables us to give them a scope which is denied to even the most savage beast. It may be hoped, though not very confidently, that the more humane attitude will in time come to prevail, but so far the omens are not very propitious.
Q1. How does the author compare human and animal behavior towards their own kind?
Ans: Humans are more friendly within their group compared to many animals, like robins who peck an elderly robin to death.
Q2. What does the author say about humans’ attitude toward those outside their group?
Ans: Humans are as ferocious as animals towards outsiders, and their intelligence amplifies this ferocity.
Q3. What example does the author give to show human friendliness within the herd?
Ans: Humans provide elderly individuals with old-age pensions.
Q4. What hope does the author express about human attitudes?
Ans: The author hopes that a more humane attitude will eventually prevail, though not very confidently.
Q5. What does the author imply about the current state of human emotions towards outsiders?
Ans: Human emotions towards outsiders remain savage, with little evidence of significant progress towards kindness.
D. The taming of domestic animals, especially the cow and the sheep, must have made life much pleasanter and more secure. Some anthropologists have an attractive theory that the utility of domestic animals was not foreseen, but the people attempted to tame whatever animal their religion taught them to worship. The tribes that worshipped lions and crocodiles died out, while those to whom the cow or the sheep was a sacred animal prospered. I like this theory, and in the entire absence of evidence, for or against it, I feel a liberty to play with it.
Q1. Which domestic animals are mentioned as making life more pleasant and secure?
Ans: The cow and the sheep.
Q2. What theory about the taming of animals does the author find attractive?
Ans: The theory that people tamed animals their religion taught them to worship.
Q3. What happened to tribes that worshipped lions and crocodiles?
Ans: They died out.
Q4. Which tribes prospered, according to the theory?
Ans: Tribes that considered the cow or the sheep as sacred animals.
Q5. What is the author’s stance on the theory about the utility of domestic animals?
Ans: The author finds it enjoyable to consider, despite the lack of evidence for or against it.
E. Even more important than the domestication of animals was the invention of agriculture, which, however, introduced blood-thirsty practices into religion that lasted for many centuries. Fertility rites tended to involve human sacrifice and cannibalism. Moloch would not help the corn to grow unless he was allowed to feast on the blood of children. A similar opinion was adopted by the Evangelicals of Manchester in the early days of industrialism, when they kept six-year-old children working twelve to fourteen hours a day, in conditions that caused most of them to die. It has now been discovered that grain will grow, and cotton goods can be manufactured, without being watered by the blood of infants. In the case of grain, the discovery took thousands of years; in the case of the cotton goods hardly a century. So perhaps there is some evidence of progress in the world.
Q1. What invention does the author consider more important than the domestication of animals?
Ans: The invention of agriculture.
Q2. What practices were associated with early agricultural fertility rites?
Ans: Human sacrifice and cannibalism.
Q3. Who was Moloch, and what role did he play in agriculture-related practices?
Ans: Moloch was a deity believed to help crops grow in exchange for the blood of children.
Q4. What comparison does the author make between early agricultural practices and early industrialism?
Ans: Both involved exploitation of children—sacrificing them in fertility rites for agriculture and subjecting them to harsh labor during early industrialism.
Q5. What progress does the author note regarding agriculture and industrial practices?
Ans: It has been discovered that grain can grow and cotton goods can be manufactured without the blood of children, indicating some progress.