Given Below is the Syllabus for KLE UGAIET (Under Graduate All India Entrance Test)

Physics Syllabus

Chemistry Syllabus

Biology Syllabus

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KLE UGAIET Biology Syllabus

The Living World

Nature and Scope of Biology. Methods of Biology. Our Place in the universe. Laws that governs the Universe and life. Level of organization. Cause and effect relationship.Being alive. What does it mean? Present approach to understand life processes: Molecular approach; life as an expression of energy; steady state and homeostasis; self duplication and survival, adaptation; death as a positive part of life. An attempt to define life in the above. Origin of Life and its maintenance. Origin and diversity of life. Physical and chemical principles that maintain life processes, the living crust and interdependence. The positive and negative aspects of progress in biological sciences. The future of the living world, identification of human responsibility in shaping our future.

Cell as a unit of life. Small bimolecules; water, minerals, mono and oligosaccharides, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and their chemistry, cellular locations and function. Macromolecules in cells-their chemistry, Cellular location and functional significance  Polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. Enzymes; chemical nature, classification, mechanism in action-enzyme complex, allosteric Modulation (brief), irreversible activation, Biomembrance. Fluid mosaic model of membrane in transport recognition of external information (brief).Structutl orgainsation of the cell; light and electron microscopic views of cell, its organelles and their functions; Nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex, Lysosomes, microtubules, cell wall, cilia, and flagella, vacuoles, cell inclusion. A general account of cellular respiration.

Fermentation, biological oxidation (a cycle outline), mitochondrial electron transport chain, high energy bonds and oxidative phosphorylation, cell reproduction; Process of mitosis and Meiosis.

Diversity of life:

Introduction: The enormous variety of living things, the need for classification to cope with this variety, taxonomy and phylogeny; shortcomings of a two kingdom classification as plants and animals; a five kingdom classification. Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.

The basic features of five kingdom classification, modes of obtaining nutrition-autorophs and heterotrophs. Life styles; producers. consumers and decomposers, Unicellularity and multicellularity phylogentic relationships. Concepts of species, taxon and categories hierarchical levels of classification; binomial nomenclature; principles of classification and nomenclature; identification and nature of viruses and bacteriophages and organisms kingdom Moera-archeabacteris-life in extreme environments, Bacteria, actinomycetes, Cyanobacteris. Examples to illustrate autotrophic and heterotrophic life style; mineralizer – nitrogen fixers; Monera in cycling matter, symbiotic forms; disease producers.

Kingdom Protisa-Eucaryon, Unicellular organisms; development of flagella and cilia; beginning of mitosis; syngamy and sex. Various lifestyles shown in the major phyla. Evolutionary precursors of complex life forms. Diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds, protozons; symbiotic forms.

Plants kingdom-complex autotrophs,red brown and green algae; conquest of land,bryophytes,ferms.gymnosperms and angiospherms.Vasculrization;development of flower, fruit and seed, Kingdom fungi-lower fungi (Zygomycetes)higher fungi; (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, the importance of fungi Decomposers;parasitics forms; lichens and mycorrhizae,animal kingdom-animal body pattern and symmetry, the development of body cavity in invertebrate,vertebrate physia.Salient feature with reference to habitat and examples of phylumporifera, coelenterata, helminthas, annelids, mollusca, arthropoda, ethindoerms, chordata – (classes fishes amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammal) highlighting major characters.

Organism and Environment:

Species: Origin and concepts of species population: interaction between environment and population community, interaction between different species, biotic stability, changes in the community-succession, Ecosystem; Interaction between biotic and abiotic components; major ecosystems

Man made ecosystem- Agroecosytem. Biosphere; flow of energy, trapping of solar energy, energy pathway, food chain, food web, biogeochemical cycles, calcium and sulphur, ecological imbalance and its consequences. Conservation of natural resources; renewable and non-renewable (in Brief).Water and land management, wasteland development. Wild life and forest conservation; causes for the extinction of some wild life, steps taken to conserve the remaining species, concepts of endangered species-Indian examples, conservation of forest; Indian forests, importance of forest, hazards of deforestation, aforestation. Environment pollution; air and water pollution, sources, major pollutants of big cities of our country, their effects and methods of control, pollution due to nuclear fallout and waste disposal, effect and control ,noise pollution; sources and effects.

Multicellularity: Structure and Function- Plant Life

Form and function. Tissue system in flowing plants; meristematic and permanent. Minerals nutrition – essential elements, major functions of different elements, passive and active uptake of minerals. Modes of nutrition, transport of solutes and water in plants, Photosynthesis; photochemical and biosynthetic phases, diversity in  hotosynthetic pathways, photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation, photorespiration.Transpiration and exchange of gases.Stomatal mechanism. Osmoregulation in plants, water relations in plants cells, water potential. Reproduction and development in Angiosperms plants; asexual and sexual. Structure and functions of flower: development of male and female gametophytes in angiosperms, pollination, Fertilization and development of endosperms, embryo seed and fruit. Differentiation and organ formation. Plant hormones and growth regulation; Action of plant hormones in relation to seed dormancy and germination, apical dominance, senescence and abscission. Applications of synthetic growth regulators. A brief account of growth and movements in plants, rhotomorphogenesis in plants including a brief account of phytochrome.

Fllulticelluriarity: Structure and Function –Animal Life

Animal tissues, epithelial, connective, musculear, nerve. Animal nutrition; organs of digestion and digestive process, nutritional requirements for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins: nutritional imbalances and deficiency diseases. Gas exchange and transport: Pulmonary gas exchange and organs involved, transport of gases in blood gas exchange in aqueous media.

Circulation: closed and open vascular systems, structure and pumping action of hearts, arterial blood pressure,lymph.Excreation and osomoregulation. Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, uricotelism, execration of water and urea with special reference to man. Role of kidney in regulation of plasma, osmolarity on the basis of nephron structure, skin and lung in excretion. Hormonal coordination; hormones of mammals, role of hormones as messengers and regulators. Nervous coordination, central autonomic and peripheral nervous systems,receptors,effectors reflex,action,basic physiology of special senses, integrative control by neuroendocrinal systems. Locomotion; joints, muscle movements, types of skeletal muscles according to types of movement, basic aspects of human skeleton. Reproduction; human reproducation, female reproductive cycles. Embryonic development in mammals (up to three germs layers), growth, repair and ageing.

Continuity of Life:

Heredity and variation: Introducation, Mendel’s experiments with peas and idea of factors. Mendel’s law of inheritance. Genes: Packing of heredity material in prokaryestes-bacterial chromosome; plasmid and eukaryote chromosome, Extrnuclear genes, viral genes. Linkage (genetic) maps.Sex determination and sexlinkage.Genetic material and its replication, gene manipulation. Gene expression; gentic code, transcription, translation, gene regulation. Molecular basis of differentiation.

Origin and Evolution of Life

Origin of life: Living and non-living, chemical evolution, organic evolution: Oparin ideas, Miller-Urey experiments. Interrelationship among living organisms and evidence of evolution fossil records including geological time scale.

Morphological evidence – hemolgy, vestigial organs, embryological similarities and biogeographically evidence. Darwin’s two major contributions. Common origin of living organisms and recombination as a sources of variability, selection acts upon variation, adaption (Lederberg’s replica plating experiment for indirect selection of bacterial mutants), reproductive isolation, speciation. Role of selection change and drift in determining composition of population. Selected examples : industrial melanism; drug resisitence,mimicry,malaria in relation to g-6-PD deficiency and sickle cell diseases. Human evolution: Paleontological evidence, man; s place among mammals. B idea of Dryopithecus,Australopithecus,home erectus,H.neadnderthlensis,Cromagnon man and homo sapiens, Human chromosomes, similarity in different racial groups.Comparision with chromosome of non- human prime to indicate common origin; cultural vs. biological evolution. Mutation- Their role is speciation. Their origin in speciation, their origin in organisms.

Application of Biology:

Introduction, Role of Biology in the amelioration of human problems. Domestication of plant-a historical account, improvement of crop plants; Principles of plant breeding and plant introduction. Use of fertilizers economic and ecological aspects. Use of pesticides: advantages and hazards. Biological methods of pest control. Crops today. Current concerns, Gene pools and genetic conservation. Underutilized crops with potential uses for oilseeds, medicines, beverages, spices, fodder.

New crops- Leucaena (Subabul), jojoba, Guayyle, winged bean, etc. Biofertilisers – green manure, crop residues and nitrogen fixation (symbiotic, non symbiotic). Application of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crops. Domestication and introduction of animals, Livestock, poultry, fisheries (fresh water, marl aquaculture). Improvement of animals; principles of animal breeding. Major animals diseases and their conti Insects and their products (silk, honey, wax and lac).

Bioenergy biomass, wood (combustion, gasification, enthanol Cow dung cakes, gobar gas, plants as sources of hydrocarbons for producing petroleum, ethanol from starch and lignocellulose. Biotechnology, a brief historical account-manufacture of cheese, yogurt, alcohol, yeast, vitamins, organic acids, anti-biotics, steroids, dextrins. Scaling up laboratory findings to industrial production. Production of insulin, human growth hormones, interferon. Communicable disease including STD and diseases spread through blood transfusion (hepatitis, AIDS, etc) immune response, vaccines and antisera. Allergies and inflammations, Inherited diseases and sex-linked diseases, genetic Incompatibilities, and genetic counseling, Cancer-major types, causes, diagnosis and treatment. Tissue and organ transplantation. Community health services and measures. Blood banks. Mental health, smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction-physiological symptoms and control measures. Industrial wastes, toxicology, pollution-related diseases. Biomedical engineering spare parts for man, instruments for diagnosis of diseases and care. Human population related diseases. Human population growth problems and control, inequality between sexes-control measures; test –tube babies amniocentesis. Future of Biology.

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KLE UGAIET Chemistry Syllabus

Atoms Molecules and Chemical Arithmetic:

Measurement in Chemistry (significant figures, SI unit, Dimensional analysis).Chemical classification of matter (mixtures, compounds and elements, and purification).Law of chemical combination and Dalton’s Atomic theory. Atomic Mass (mole concept, determination of chemical formulas). Chemical equation (balancing of chemical equation and calculations using chemical equations).

Elements, their Occurrence and extraction:

Earth as a source of elements, elements in biology, Elements in sea, extraction of metals (metallurgical process, production of concentrated ore, production of metals and their purification).Mineral wealth of India, Qualitative’ test of metals.

States of Matter:

Gaseous state (measurable properties of gases,Boyle’s Law, Charles ‘Law and absolute scale of temperature, Avogadro’s hypothesis, ideal gas equation, Dalton’s law of partial pressure). Kinetic molecular theory of gases (the microscopic model of a gas, deviation form ideal behavior). The solid state (classification of solids X-Ray studies of crystal lattices and unit cells, packing of constituent particles in crystals).Liquid state (Properties of liquids, Vapour pressure, Surface Tension, Viscosity).

Atomic Structures:

Constituents of the atom (Discovery of electron, nuclear model of the atom).Electronic structure of atoms (nature of light and electromagnetic waves, atomic spectra, Bhor’s model of Hydrogen atom, Quantum mechanical model of the atom, electronic configurations of atoms, Aufbau principle).

Chemical Families-Period Properties:

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, Modern Periodic Law, Types of elements (Representative elements-s and p block elements, inner transition elements-d inner transition element-f-block elements).Periodic trends in properties (Ionization energy, electron, affinity, atomic radii, valence, periodicity in properties of compounds).

Bonding and Molecular Structure:

Chemical bonds and Lewis structure shapes of molecules (VSEPR Theory).Quantum theory of the covalent rbond (Hydrogen and some other simple molecules, carbon compounds, hybridization, Boron and Beryllium compounds). Coordinate covalent bond (Ionic bond as an extreme case of polar covalent bond, ionic character of molecules and polar molecules. Bonding in solid state (Ionic, molecular and covalent solids, metals).Hydrogen bond, Resonance.

Carbons and its compounds:

Elemental carbon, carbon compounds, Inorganic compounds of carbon (Oxides of carbon, halides, carbides). Organic compounds, Nomenclature of organic compounds (Hydrocarbons, functional groups).Some common organic compounds (Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkyles, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Halides, Acids, Nitro compounds and amines).

Energetics:

Energy changes during a chemical reaction. Internal energy and Enthalpy (Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Enthalpy changes,Orgin of Enthalpy change in reaction, Hess’s low of constant heat summation, numerical based on these concepts).Heats of reactions (heat of neutralization, heat of combustion, heat effusion and vaporization).Sources if energy (Conservation of energy sources, pollution associated with consumption of fuels. The sun as the primary source). What decides the direction of a spontaneous change in a chemical reaction? (An elementary idea of free energy change). Why energy crisis if energy is conserved in nature.

Chemical Equilibrium:

Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid-gas equilibria, equilibrium involving dissolution of solid in liquids, gases in liquids, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes). Equilibria Involving chemical systems (the law of chemical equilibrium, the magnitude of the equilibrium constant, numerical problems).Effect of chaining conditions of systems at equilibrium (change of temperature, change of concentration, effect of catalyst-Le Chat liar’s principle). Equilibria involving ions (ionization of electrolytes, weak and strong electrolytes, acid-base equilibrium, various concepts of acids and bases, ionization of water, pH, solubility product, numerical based on these concepts).

Redox reactions:

Oxidation and reduction as an electron transfer process. Redox reactions in aqueous solution-electro chemical cells. EMF of a galvanic cell. Dependence of EMF on concentration and temperature (nearest equation & numerical problems based on it). Electrolysis, Oxidation numbers (Rules for assigning oxidation number, redox reactions in terms of oxidation number and nomenclature). Balancing of oxidation-reduction equations.

Rates of Chemical Reactions:

Rate of reaction: Instantaneous rate of a reaction and order of reaction. Factors affecting rates of reaction (factors effecting rate of collisions encountered between the reactant molecules, effect of temperature on the reaction rate, concepts of activation energy, catalysis ).Effect of light on rates of reactions. Elementary reactions as steps to more complex reactions. How fast are chemical reactions.

Chemistry of Heavier Metals:

Iron (occurrence and extraction, compounds of iron, oxides, halides, sulphides, sulphate, alloy and steel. Copper, silver, and gold (occurrence and extraction’s properties and uses, compound – sulphides, halides, and sulphates, photography). Zinc and Mercury (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compound-oxides, halides, sulphides and sulphates). Tin and Lead (occurrence and extraction, properties, uses, compounds-oxides, sulphides, halides).

Structure and Shape(s) of Hydrocarbons:

Alkanes (structure, isomerism, conformation) Stereo Isomerism and chairality (origin of chairality, optical relation, recemic mixture). Alkenes (isomerism including cis-trans). Alkyles. Arenes (structure of benzene, resonance structure, isomerism in arenes).

Preparation and Properties of Hydrocarbons:

Sources of Hydrocarbons (origin and composition of coal and petroleum; Hydrocarbons from coal and petroleum, cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline- octane number, gasoline additives). Laboratory preparation of alkanes (preparation from unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkyl halides and carboxylic acids). Laboratory preparation of alkenes (preparation from alcohls, alkyl halides). Laboratory preparation of alkyles (preparation from calcium carbide and acetylene).x Physical properties of alkanes (boiling and melting points, solubility and density). Reactions of hydrocarbons 9 (oxidation, addition, substitution and miscellaneous reactions).

Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds:

Purification (crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography) Qualitative analysis (analysis of nitrogen sulphur, phosphorus and halogens). Quantitative analysis (estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen). Determination of molecular mass (victor Mayer’s method, volumetric method). Calculation of empirical formula and molecular formula. Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, modern methods of structure elucidation.

The Molecules of Life

The cell. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disacharides and polysacharides). Proteins (amino acids, peptide bond, structure of proteins, tertiary structure of proteins and denaturation, enzymes). Nucleic acids (structure, the double helix, biological function of nucleic acid, viruses).

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

Atoms-dual nature of matter and radiation. The uncertainty principle. Orbitals and Quantum numbers Shapes of orbitals, Electronic configuration of atoms. Molecules: Molecular orbital method. Hybridization, Dipole moment and structure of molecules.

The Solid State:

Structure of simple ionic compounds. Close – packed structures. Ionic – radii, Silicates (elementary ideas). Imperfection in solids (point defects only). Properties of solids. Amorphous solids.

The Gaseous state:

Ideal gas equation-kinetic theory (fundamentals only).

Solutions:

Types of solution, Vapor-pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law. Colligative properties. Non-ideal solutions and abnormal molecular masses. Mole concept-stoichemistry, volumetric analysis, concentration unit.

Chemical thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics: Internal energy, Enthalpy, application of first law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy, Free energy, Spontaneity of a chemical reaction, free energy change chemical equilibrium, free energy as energy available for useful work. Third law of thermodynamics

Electrochemistry:

Electrolytic conduction. Voltage cell, Electrode potential and Electromotive force, Gibb’s free energy and cell potential. Electrode potential and Electrolysis. Primary cells including fuel cells. Corrosion.

Chemical Kinetics:

Rate expression. Order of reaction (with suitable examples). Units of rate and specific rate constants. Order of reaction and concentration, (study will be confined to first order only). Temperature dependence of rate constant – Fast reactions (only elementary idea). Mechanism of reaction (only elementary idea). Photo chemical reactions.

Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Group -1

(Halides and Hydroxy compounds)

Nomenclature of compounds containing halogen atoms and hydroxylgroups:haloalkanes, haloareness; alcohols and phenols. Correlation of physical properties and uses. Preparation, properties and uses of following: Polyhalogen compounds:Chloroform, idoform Polyhydric compounds. Ethane 1,2 –diol; Propane – 1,2,3 triol. Structure and reactivity – (a) induction effect, (b) Mesomeric effect, (c) Electrohiles and Meneophiles.

Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Group –II:

(Ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives). Nomenclature of ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, (acylhalides, acid anhydrides, amides and esters). General methods of preparation , correlation of physical properties with their structure, chemical uses.

(Note: Specific compounds should not be stressed for the purpose of evaluation)

Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Groups III:

(Cyanides, isocyanides, nitrocompounds and amines)

Nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; nitro compounds and amines and their methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with structure, chemical reactions uses.

Chemistry of Representative Elements:

Periodic properties – Trends in groups and periods (a) Oxides-nature (b) Halides-melting points c) Carbonates and Sulphates – sikyvukutt, The chemistry of s and p block elements, electronic configuration, general characteristic properties and oxidation states of the following:

Group 1 elements –Alkali metals

Group 2 elements – Alkaline earth metals

Group 13 elements – Boron family group

14 elements – Carbon family Group

15 elements –Nitrogen family Group

16 elements – Oxygen family group

17 elements – Halogen family Group

18 elements – Noble gases and Hydrogen.

Transition Metals including Lanthanides:

Electronic configuration: General characteristic properties, oxidation states of transition metals. First row transition metals and general properties of their compounds-oxides, halide and sulphides. General properties of second and third row transition elements (Group wise discussion). Preparation of Potassium dichromate, Potassium permanganate. Inner transition elements: General discussion with special reference to oxidation states and Lanthanide contraction.

Coordination Chemistry and Organo Metallics:

Coordination compounds; Nomenclature : isomerism in coordination compounds; Bonding in coordination compounds; Stability of coordination compounds; application of coordination compounds; Compounds containing metal-carbon bond; Application of organometallics.

Nuclear Chemistry:

Nature of radiation from radioactive substances. Nuclear structure and nuclear properties. Nuclear reactions; Radioactive disintegration series; Artificial transmutation of elements; Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion: Isotopes and their uses; Radio carbon-dating; Synthetic elements.

Synthetic and Natural Polymers:

Classification of Polymers, natural and synthetic polymers (with stress on their general methods of preparation) and important uses of the Teflon, PVC, Polystyrene, Nylon – 66, terylene. Environmental pollution – pollutants –services-check and alternatives.

Surface Chemistry

Surfaces: Adsorption

Colloids-(preparation and general properties) Emulsions, Micelles.

Catalysis: Homogenous and heterogeneous, structure of catalyst.

Bio Molecules:

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

Amino Acids and Peptides – Structure and classification.

Proteins and Enzymes – structure of Proteins, Role of enzymes.

Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA

Biological functions of Nucleic acids- Proteins synthesis and replication.

Lipids – Structure, membranes and their functions.

Chemistry of Biological Process. Carbohydrate and their Metabolism, Hemoglobin blood and respiration; Immune system; Vitamins and hormones. Simple idea of chemical evolution.

Chemistry in Action

Dyes, chemicals in medicines, Rocket propellents. (Structural formulae non-evaluative).

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KLE UGAIET Physics Syllabus

Introduction and Measurement:

What is physics, scope and excitement; Physics in relation to science, society and technology, Need for measurement, system of units –SI, fundamental and derived units. Dimensions and their applications. Orders of magnitude, Accuracy and errors in measurements – random and instrumental errors, Significant figures and rounding off, Graphs, Trigonometric functions, simple ideas of differentiation and integration.

Description of Motion in one dimension:

Objects in motion in one dimension. Motion is a straight line, unit and direction for time and position measurement. Uniform motion, its graphical representation and formulae, speed and velocity, relative velocity, Instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, its velocity-time graph, position time graph and formulae. General relation between position and velocity, application to uniformly accelerated motion. Acceleration in general one dimensional motion.

Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimension:

Vectors and scalars, vectors in two dimensions, general-vector addition and multiplication by a real number, zero-vector and its properties. Resolution of vector in a plane, rectangular components. Scalar and Vector products. Motion in two dimensions, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion, general relation among position velocity-acceleration for motion in a plane-uniform circular motion. Motion of objects in three dimensional space.

Laws of Motion:

Force and inertia, first law of motion. Momentum, second law of motion, impulse, some kinds of forces in nature, Third law of motion, conservation of momentum, rocket propulsion. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication, inertial and non-inertial frames.

Work, Energy and Power:

Work done by a constant force and by a variable force, unit of work, kinetic energy, power, Elastic collision in one and two dimensions, Potential energy, gravitational potential energy, and its conversion to kinetic energy, potential energy of a spring. Different forms of energy equivalence, conservation of energy.

Rotational Motion:

Center of mass of a two particle system, momentum conservation and center of mass motion. Center of mass of rigid body, general motion of a rigid body, nature of rotational motion, rotational motion of a single particle in two dimensions only, torque, angular momentum and its geometrical and physical meaning, conservation of angular moment of inertia, its physical significance, parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorem (statements only).

Gravitation:

Acceleration due to gravity, one dimensional motion under gravity, two dimensional motions under gravity. Inversal law of gravitation, inertia and gravitational mass, variations in the acceleration due to gravity of the earth, orbital velocity, geostationary satellites, gravitational potential energy near the surface of earth, gravitational potential, escape velocity.

Heat and Thermodynamics:

Specific heat, specific heat at constant, volume and pressure of ideal gas, relation between them, first law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic state, equation of state and isothermal, pressure-temperature phase diagram. Thermodynamic processes (reversible, irreversible, isothermal, adiabatic). Carnot cycle, second law of Thermodynamics, efficiency of heat engines: Conduction, convection and radiation. Thermal conductivity, black body radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan’s law. Newton’s law of cooling.

Oscillations:

Periodic motion, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation of motion. Oscillations due to a spring, Kinetic energy and potential energy in S.H.M., simple pendulum, physical concepts of forced oscillations, resonance and damped oscillations.

Waves:

Wave motion, speed of wave motion, principle of super-positions, reflection of waves, harmonic waves (qualitative treatment only) standing waves and normal modes and its graphical representation. Beats, Doppler effect. Musical scale, acoustics of building.

Electrostatics:

Frictional electricity, charges and their conservation, elementary unit, Coulomb’s law, dielectric constant, electric field, electric field due to a point charge, dipole field and dipoles 1 behavior in an uniform (2- dimensional) electric field, flux, Gauss’s law in simple geometric, Conductors and insulator, presence of free charges and bound charges inside a conductor, Dielectric(concept only), Capacitance (parallel plate) series and parallel, energy and capacitor, high voltage generators, atmospheric electricity.

Current Electricity:

Introduction (flow of current), sources of e.m.f.(cells: simple, secondary, chargeable), electric current resistance of different materials, temperature dependence, thermistor, specific resistivity, color code of carbon resistance, Ohm’s law, Kisrchoff’s law, resistance in series and parallel, series and parallel circuits, Wehetston’s bridge, measurement of voltages and currents potentiometer.

Thermal and Chemical Effects of Currents:

Electric power, heating effects of current, chemical effects and law of electrolysis, simple concepts of  thermoelectricity, thermocouple.

Magnetic Effect of Currents:

Oersted’s observation, Biot-Savart’s law (magnetic field due to a current element), magnetic field due a straight wire, circular loop and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field(Lorentz force), cyclotron (simple idea), forces and torque on currents in a magnetic field, forces between two currents, definition of ampere, moving coil galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter.

Magnetism:

Bar magnet (comparison with a solenoids), lines of force, torque on a bar magnetic field, earth’s magnetic field, tangent galvanometer, vibration magnetometer, para, di and ferromagnetism (simple idea).

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents:

Induction e.m.f., Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s law, induction, self and mutual inductance, alternating currents, impedance and reactance, power in a.c., electrical machines and devices (transformer, induction coil, generators, simple motors, choke and starter).

Electromagnetic Waves (Qualitative Treatment):

Electromagnetic oscillations, some history of electromagnetic waves (Maxwell, Hertz, Bose, Marconi) Electromagnetic spectrum (radio, micro-waves, infra-red, optical, ultraviolet, x-rays, alpha, beta and gama rays) including elementary facts about their uses and propagation, properties of atmosphere with respect to various parts of electromagnetic spectrum.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments:

Ray optics as a limiting case of wave optics, reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, optical fiber, curved mirrors, lenses, mirror and lens formulae, Dispersion by a prism, spectrometer and spectra-absorption and emission, scattering, rainbow, Magnification and resolving power, telescope (astronomical), microscope.

Electrons and Photons:

Discovery of electron,e/m for an electron, electrical conduction in gases, particle nature of light, Eienstein’s photocelectric equation, photo cells.

Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei:

Rutherford model of the atom, Bhor model, energy quantization, hydrogen spectrum, composition of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, size of nucleus, radioactivity, Mass energy relation, nuclear fission and fusion, nuclear holocaust.

Solids and Semiconductor Devices:

Crystal structure – Unit cell, single, poly and liquid crystal (concepts only) Energy bands in solids, conductors, insulators and semi-conductors, PN junction, diodes, junction transistor, diode as rectifier, transistor as a amplifier, and oscillator, logic gate and combination of gates.

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Kerala KEAM Biology Syllabus

BIOLOGY

UNIT 1 : DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

Characters of Living organisms, Biosystematics, Binomial nomenclature (guidelines and merits), Taxonomic categories, Taxonomical Aids, Systems of classification – Two Kingdom and Five Kingdom classification –(brief description with emphasis on criteria, merits and demerits). Descriptive features of kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia; viruses, Viriods and Lichens.

UNIT 2 : PLANT KINGDOM

Brief description of Artificial, natural and phylogenetic classification.

2.1 PLANT GROUPS

Algae – Salient, comparative features of Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta with examples.

Bryophyta –General features with special mention on aquatic to terrestrial evolution, alternation of  generation of Liverworts and Mosses.

Pteridophytes – General features with examples

Gymnosperms – General features with examples

Angiosperms – Unique features with examples

Plant Life Cycle and alternation of generation

2.2 Morphology of Angiosperms

Morphological structures of root, stem and leaf, their structural and functional modifications with examples, Inflorescence – Racemose, Cymose, morphological characters of flower, fruit and seed.

2.3 Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Description of taxonomical types, families such as Fabaceae, Solanacea and Liliaceae with examples.

2.4 Anatomy of flowering plants

Tissue: Meristematic (Classification based on origin, position and plane of division); Permanent (Simple and complex types); Tissue systems (epidermal, ground and vascular); Anatomy of root and stem (primary structure) of monocot and dicot; Anatomy of leaf of monocot and dicot; Normal secondary growth of stem and root.

UNIT 3 : CELL AND CELL DIVISION

3.1 Cell as a basic unit of life; Cell theory; Cell as a self-contained unit, unicellularity and multicellularity, prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.

3.2 Ultra Structure: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, cell wall, cell membrane (Fluid Mosaic Model), membrane transport, description of cell organelles and their function (nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, cytoskeletal structures, cilia and flagella, centriole, ribosomes).

3.3 Biomolecules of cell: Inorganic and organic materials (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids – RNA, DNA), enzymes (properties, chemical nature and mechanism of action).

3.4 Cell cycle: Cell division, mitosis and meiosis – their significance.

UNIT 4 : PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS

4.1 Transport in plants –Means of transport (imbibition, diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, permeability, water potential), absorption and movement – active and passive. Transpiration: Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata, guttation, significance of transpiration. Uptake and transport of mineral nutrients.

4.2 Mineral nutrition:Functions of minerals, macro and micro elements, deficiency symptoms of elements. Toxicity of micronutrients, Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation, mechanism, synthesis of amino acids (reductive amination, transamination).

4.3 Photosynthesis: Significance, photosynthetic apparatus, functional aspects of chlorophyll structure, action spectra and absorption spectra. Mechanism: Photochemical phase, photo phosphorylation (cyclic and non cyclic electron transport system), chemiosmotic hypothesis, biosynthetic phase (C3, C4);Photorespiration and its mechanism; Factors affecting photosynthesis (Blackmann’s law of limiting factor).

4.4 Respiration: Significance, site of respiration, mechanism: Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron-transport system and oxidative phosphorylation, amphibolic pathway; Respiratory quotient; Anaerobic respiration, fermentation.

UNIT 5 : REPRODUCTION, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

5.1Modes of reproduction in flowering plants Vegetative propagation (natural and artificial), micropropagation, significance. Sexual reproduction: Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination types and factors, double fertilization, incompatibility; seed and fruit development, parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy,  polyembryonic.

5.2 Plant Growth

Characteristic features, measurement of growth, growth curve, growth rate, differentiation and growth regulators (phytohormones): auxins, gibberellins, cytokinines, ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA) and their role.photoperiodism and vernalisation.

UNIT 6 : ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Organisms and population – Organism and its environment: Factors: biotic, abiotic (air, water, soil, temperature and light); responses to abiotic factors, adaptations, population, population attributes, population growth, Interactions, predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.

6.2 Ecosystem: Structure and function, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids, ecological succession, nutrient cycling, brief descriptions of major biomes.

6.3 Environmental Issues: Sources of air, water, soil and noise pollution; Major pollutants, their effects and methods of control. Pollution due to radioactive substance, disposal of nuclear wastes. effect and control of radiation pollution, agrochemical and their effects, Green house effect and global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation.

UNIT 7 : BIOTECHNOLOGY

Principles of biotechnology, tools of recombinant DNA technology, process of recombinant DNA technology, biotechnological application in agriculture, genetically modified crops, biotechnological  applications in medicine, genetically engineered insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, transgenic animals and ethical issues.

UNIT 8 : ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE

8.1 Origin of life, Big bang theory, various theories, panspermia, abiogenesis, chemical evolution – Oparin- Haldane Hypothesis, Harold Urey & Stanley Miller experiment, Theories of Evolution – Lamarckism, Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Character, Theory of Use and Disuse, Darvinism – Natural selection theory, Example of natural selection – Industrial Melanism, Geological timescale.

8.2 Evidences of Evolution – Palaentological, Morphological and Anatomical evidences of evolution

8.3 Population Genetics & Evolution – Hardy Weinberg’s Equilibrium, genetic drift, founder effect.

8.4 Adaptive radiation – Adaptive radiation of marsupials of Australia

8.5 Origin and Evolution of Man

UNIT 9 – ANIMAL KINGDOM

9.1 Salient features of different Phyla with examples, Grades of organization and body plan, body symmetry, germ layers (diploblastic & triploblastic organization), segmentation, coelom Phylum Porifera eg: Sycon, Leucosolenia, Spongilla Phylum Cnidaria eg: Hydra, Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Sea Anemone, Corals Phylum Ctenophora eg: pleurobrachia, etenoplana Phylum Playhelminthes eg.: Taenia, Fasciola, Planaria Phylum Aschelminthes eg: Ascaris, Rhabditis, Wuchereria, Ancylostoma Phylum Annelida eg: Nereis, Aphrodite, Pheretima, Hirudinaria Phylum Arthropoda eg: Honeybee, Silkworm, Lacinsect, Anophelus, Locus, Limulus Phylum Mollusca eg: Pila, Pinctada, Sepia, Loligo, Octopus, Aplysia, Deutalium, Chaetopleura Phylum Echinodermata eg: Asterias, Echinus, Antedon, Sea cucumber, Ophiura.

Phylum Hermichordata eg: Balanoglosus, Saccoglosus

Phylum Chordata – Urochordata eg: Ascidia, Salpa doliolum

Cephalochordata eg: Amphioxus

Vertebrata – Classification up to classes

Super class I. Agnatha. Class – Cyclostomata eg: Petromyzon and Myxine.

Super class II. Gnathostomata Class a – Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes) eg: Scoliodon, Pristis,

carcharodon, Trygon.

Class b. Osteichthyes (Bony fishes) eg.: Exocoetus, Hippocampus, Rohu, Catla, Clarius, Betta,

Pterophyllum.

Class c. Amphibia – eg: Bufo, Rana, Hyla, Salamander, lchthyophis.

Class d. Reptilia eg: Chelone, Chameleon, Testudo, Hemidactylus, Calotes, Naja, Krait, Viper, Crocodile,

Alligator.

Class e. Aves – eg: Corvus, Columba, Psittacula, Struthio, Pavo, Penguin, Vulture.

Class f. Mammalia eg: Platypus, Kangaroo, Whale, Macaca, Panthera, Elephus, Horse, Rat, Dolphin, Cat,

Camel, Pteropus.

UNIT 10 : STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF THE BODY

10.1 Animal Morphology: External and internal morphology, Earthworm, Cockroach, Frog.

10.2 ANIMAL TISSUES – Definition, Types of tissues – Epithelial tissue – different types with examples,

specialized epithelial tissue with examples, Connective tissue with examples, Muscular tissue with

examples, Nervous tissue with examples, Structure and functions of these tissues.

UNIT 11 : GENETICS

11.1 Heredity and variation – Mendel’s experiments, Laws of Mendel, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Pattern of inheritance, Incomplete dominance, Codominane chromosomes, Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Chromosomes, Nucleosomes, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Concept of linkage and crossing over,Principle of gene mapping, sex linked inheritance, sex determination, sex limited and sex influenced inheritance, Mutation, Gene mutation, Chromosomal aberration, Polyploidy, aneuploidy and Euploidy, Mutation causing agents, Human Genetics, Pedigree Analysis, Genetic Disorders, Sickle cell anaemia, Phenylketonuria, Alzheimer’s disease, Down’s Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome.

11.2 Nature of Genetic Material: DNA and its structure, Different types of DNA, RNA and its structure, Experiments to prove genetic nature of DNA. DNA and Gene, DNA Replication, Gene expression- Gene and Protein, Biosynthesis of Protein, Genetic code, Regulation of Gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Human genome project and DNA finger printing

UNIT 12 : PHYSIOLOGY OF ANIMALS

12.1 Nutrition, Different types of nutrition, Different types of nutrients, Malnutrition, Under nutrition, Disorders related to nutrition. Digestion – Human digestive system, Structure of alimentary canal, Glands associated with alimentary canal, Different enzymes secreted by the alimentary canal, Functions of various enzymes, Role of various regions of alimentary canal in absorption, Process of ingestion and digestion, Mechanism of absorption and assimilation of digested food components.

12.2 Respiration – Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration, Mechanism of gas exchange, Human Respiratory system, Respiratory organs and mechanism involved in pulmonary respiration, Gas exchange and transport of respiratory gases, Respiratory pigments involved, Regulation of respiration, Respiratory disorders, Bronchitis, Bronchial Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational lung diseases, Causes of these disorders – symptoms, prevention and cure.

12.3 Circulation – composition of blood, structure and functions of different types of blood cells, Blood groups, Structure and working of heart, pulmonary, systemic and portal circulation, Pulse, heart beat and blood pressure, Rhythmicity of heart, Regulation of heart beat, Blood related disorders – hypertension, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, Electro cardio gram, Heart failure, Lymph and its functions.

12.4 Excretion – Definition, Different types of excretory organs – Skin, lungs and liver as excretory organs, Nitrogenous excretion, Different types of Nitrogenous excretion with examples, Ammenotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism, Excretory system in man, Structure of kidney, Composition and formation of urine, Role of Kidney in osmoregulation, Hormonal regulation of excretory system, Dialysis.

12.5 Locomotion and Movement -Human skeleton, Axial and appendicular skeleton, Joints, Types of joints with examples, Bone and cartilage, Structure of Bone and Cartilage, Disordres of bone and cartilage – Arthritis and Osteoporosis, Muscles, Different types of muscles, Structure of skeletal muscles, Mechanism of muscle contraction, Role of red and white muscles in movement, Role of muscles and bones in movement.

12.6 Nervous Co-ordination, Human nervous system, Morphology of functional subsystems of nervous system, Different types of nerve cells, Structure and functions of brain and spinal cord, Nerve impulse, Synapse, Transmission and conduction of nerve impulse, Reflex action, Reflex arc, Sensory receptors, Structure and functions of eye and ear.

12.7 Hormones, Different types of hormones, Hormones produced by human endocrine glands and their functions, Hormone imbalance and disorders, Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Feed back control of various hormones. Mechanism of hormone action.

UNIT 13 : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS

13.1 Reproduction, Different types of asexual reproduction with examples, Sexual reproduction, Reproductive organs, Structure and function of human male and female reproductive system, Reproductive cycle in human female, Gametogenesis, fertilization (Physical and chemical events), Development of zygote up to 3 germinal layers and their derivatives, Extra embryonic membranes, Structure and functions of placenta, parturition and lactation.

13.2 Reproductive health – Population explosion and birth control, Medical termination of pregnancy, sexually transmittable diseases, Infertility.

UNIT 14 : BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

Biodiversity definition, Significance of biodiversity, Magnitude of biodiversity, Levels of biodiversity, gradients of biodiversity, Uses of biodiversity, Threats of biodiversity, Endangered species, Extinction, Causes of extinction, Conservation of biodiversity, protected areas, National and International efforts,Role of Governmental and  non-governmental organizations in conservation of bio-diversity, Environmental ethics, Responsibility of individual in biodiversity conservation.

UNIT 15 : BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

15.1 Human Health and Diseases – common diseases in humans – Typhoid, pneumonia, common cold,malaria, amoebiasis, ascariasis, elephantiasis. Immunity – innated and acquired, active and passive immunity, vaccination and immunization, allergies, autoimmunity, immune system in the body, AIDS,cancer, drugs and alcohol abuse, common problems of adolescence, Social and moral implications, Problems associated with drugs, smoking and alcoholism, prevention and control.

15.2 Strategies for enhancement in food production, Animal husbandary, dairy farming, poultry farming,animal breeding, bee keeping, pisciculture, plant breeding, breeding for disease resistance and tissue culture, single cell protein.

15.3 Microbes in human welfare – Microbes in household projects, microbes in industrial products, fermented beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules – microbes in sewage treatment, microbes in production of biogas, microbes as biocontrol agents and microbes as biofertilizers.

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Kerala KEAM Chemistry Syllabus

CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Laws of chemical combination: Law of conservation of mass. Law of definite proportion. Law of multiple proportions. Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes. Dalton’s atomic theory. Mole concept. Atomic,molecular and molar masses. Chemical equations. Balancing and calculation based on chemical equations.

Atomic structure: Fundamental particles. Rutherford model of atom. Nature of electromagnetic radiation. Emission spectrum of hydrogen atom. Bohr model of hydrogen atom. Drawbacks of Bohr model.Dual nature of matter and radiation. de Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Wave function (mention only). Atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p and d orbitals only). Quantum numbers. Electronic configurations of elements. Pauli’s exclusion principle. Hund’s rule. Aufbau principle.

UNIT 2: BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Kossel and Lewis approach of bonding. Ionic bond, covalent character of ionic bond, Lattice energy. Born-Haber cycle. Covalent bond. Lewis structure of covalent bond. Concept of orbital overlap. VSEPR theory and geometry of molecules. Polarity of covalent bond. Valence bond theory and hybridization (sp,sp2, sp3, dsp2, d2sp3 and sp3d2). Resonance. Molecular orbital method. Bond order. Molecular orbital diagrams of homodiatomic molecules. Bond strength and magnetic behaviour. Hydrogen bond. Coordinate bond. Metallic bond.

UNIT 3: STATES OF MATTER

Gaseous state: Boyle’s law. Charles’ law. Avogadro’s hypothesis. Graham’s law of diffusion. Absolute scale of temperature. Ideal gas equation. Gas constant and its values. Dalton’s law of partial pressure. Aqueous tension. Kinetic theory of gases. Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour. Inter molecular interaction, van der Waals equation. Liquefaction of gases. Critical temperature.

Liquid state: Properties of liquids. Vapour pressure and boiling point. Surface tension. Viscosity.

Solid state: Types of solids (ionic, covalent and molecular). Space lattice an unit cells. Cubic crystal systems. Close packing. Different voids (tetrahedral and octahedral only). Density calculations. Point defects (Frenkel and Schottky). Electrical properties of solids. Conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Piezoelectric and pyroelectric crystals. Magnetic properties of solids. Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances.

UNIT 4: PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND HYDROGEN

Classification of elements: Mendeleev’s periodic table. Atomic number and modern periodic law. Long form of periodic table. Electronic configurations of elements and their position in the periodic table. Classification into s-, p-, d- and f-block elements.

Periodic properties: Ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, valence and electro negativity.

Hydrogen: Position in the periodic table, occurrence, isolation, preparation (including commercial), properties, reactions and uses. Isotopes of hydrogen. Hydrides: Molecular, saline and interstitial hydrides.

Water: Structure of water molecule and its aggregates. Physical and chemical properties of water. Hard and soft water. Removal of hardness. Preparation and uses of heavy water: Liquid hydrogen as fuel.

UNIT 5: S-BLOCK ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY

Alkali metals: Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties (ionization energy, atomic radii and ionic radii), electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and liquid ammonia. Oxides, hydroxides and halides.

Alkaline earth metals: Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties, electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen, hydrogen and halogens. Oxides, hydroxides, halides and sulphides. Anomalous properties of lithium and beryllium.

Compounds of s-block elements: Large scale preparation of NaOH and Na2CO3, their properties and uses. Preparation and properties of CaO, Ca(OH)2, Plaster of Paris and MgSO4. Industrial uses of lime, limestone and cement.

Principles of metallurgy: Occurrence of metals. Concentration of ores. General principles of extraction of metals from ore. Thermodynamic and electro chemical principles of metallurgy. Refining of metals. Extraction of zinc, aluminium, iron and copper.

UNIT 6: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS

General characteristics of p-block elements: atomic and physical properties. Oxidation states. Trends in

chemical reactivity of Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 elements.

Boron:Occurrence, isolation, physical and chemical properties. Borax and boric acid. Boron hydrides. Structure of diborane. Uses of boron and its compounds.

Carbon: Allotropes, properties, Oxides of Carbon.

Nitrogen: Terrestrial abundance and distribution, isolation, properties and chemical reactivity.

Ammonia: Haber process of manufacture, properties and uses.

Nitric acid: Ostwald process of manufacture and important uses.

Oxides of nitrogen: Preparation and structures (skeletal only).

Oxygen: Terrestrial abundance, isolation, properties and chemical reactivity.

Oxides: Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides. Preparation, structure, properties and uses of ozone and hydrogen peroxide.

Silica: Different forms and uses. Structures of silicates. Silicones, Zeolites, Uses of Silicon Tetra Chloride.

Phosphorus: Production, allotropes and phosphine. Preparation and structures of PCl3 , PCl5, oxyacids of

phosphorus. Comparison of halides and hydrides of Group 15 elements.

Sulphur: Production, allotropes, oxides and halides, Oxoacids of Sulphur (structure only).

Sulphuric acid: Manufacture, properties and uses. Comparison of oxides, halides and hydrides of Group 17 elements, Oxoacids of halogens (structure only), hydrides and oxides of chlorine. Interhalogen compounds.

Group 18 elements: Occurrence, isolation, atomic and physical properties, uses.

Compounds of xenon: Preparation of fluorides and oxides, and their reactions with water.

UNIT 7: D-BLOCK AND F-BLOCK ELEMENTS

d-Block elements: Electronic configuration and general characteristics. Metallic properties, ionization energy, electrode potential, oxidation states, ionic radii, catalytic properties, coloured ions, complex formation, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds and alloys. Preparation and properties of KMnO4 ,K2Cr2O7 .

f-Block elements: Lanthanides: Occurrence, electronic configuration and oxidation states. Lanthanide

contraction. Uses.

Actinides: Occurrence, electronic configuration and comparison with lanthanides.

UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS

System and surrounding: Types of systems. Types of processes. Intensive and extensive properties. State functions and path functions. Reversible and irreversible processes.

First law of thermodynamics:

Internal energy and enthalpy. Application of first law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy changes during phase transition. Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions. Standard enthalpy of formation. Hess’s law of constant heat summation and numerical problems. Heat capacity and specific heat.

Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy and Gibbs free energy. Free energy change and chemical equilibrium. Criteria for spontaneity.

UNIT 9: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Physical and chemical equilibria: Dynamic nature of equilibrium. Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, dissolution of solids in liquids and dissolution of gases in liquids). General characteristics of equilibria involving physical processes.

Equilibria involving chemical systems: Law of chemical equilibrium. Magnitude of equilibrium constant. Numerical problems. Effect of changing conditions of systems at equilibrium (changes of concentration, temperature and pressure). Effect of catalyst. The Le Chatelier principle and its applications. Relationship between Kp and Kc. Ionic

equilibrium. Ionization of weak and strong electrolytes.

Concepts of acids and bases: Those of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis. Acid-base equilibrium. Ionization of water. pH scale. Salt hydrolysis. Solubility product. Common ion effect. Buffer action and buffer solutions.

UNIT 10: SOLUTIONS

Types of solutions: Different concentration terms (normality, molarity, molality, mole fraction and mass percentage). Solubility of gases and solids. Vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law. Deviation from Raoult’s law. Colligative properties: Lowering of vapour pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure. Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Determination of molecular mass. Abnormal molecular mass. The van’t Hoff factor and related numerical problems.

UNIT 11: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Oxidation and reduction: Electron transfer concept. Oxidation number. Balancing equations of redox reactions: Oxidation number method and ion electron method (half reaction method).

Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: Quantitative aspects. Electrolytic conduction. Conductance. Molar conductance. Kohlrausch’s law and its applications. Electrode potential and electromotive force (e.m.f.). Reference electrode (SHE only). Electrolytic and Galvanic cells. Daniel cell. The Nernst equation. Free energy and e.m.f. Primary and secondary cells. Fuel cell (H2-O2 only).

Corrosion and its prevention:

Electrochemical theory of rusting of iron. Methods of prevention of corrosion. Galvanization and cathodic protection.

UNIT 12: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of reaction. Average and instantaneous rates. Rate expressions. Rate constant. Rate law. Order and molecularity. Integrated rate law expressions for zero and first order reactions and their derivations. Units of rate constant. Half life period. Temperature dependence of rate constant. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy, Collision Theory (Elementary theory) and related numerical problems. Elementary and complex reactions with examples.

UNIT 13: SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Adsorption: Physical and chemical adsorption. Factors affecting adsorption. Effect of pressure.Freundlisch adsorption isotherm. Catalysis. Enzymes. Zeolites.

Colloids: Colloids and suspensions.Dispersion medium and dispersed phase. Types of colloids: Lyophobic, lyophilic, multimolecular,macromolecular and associated colloids. Preparation, properties and protection of colloids. Gold number.Hardy Schulze rule. Emulsions.

UNIT 14: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS AND ORGANOMETALLICS

Ligand. Coordination number. IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds mononuclear, Isomerism in coordination compounds. Geometrical, optical and structural isomerism. Bonding in coordination compounds. Werner’s coordination theory. Valence bond approach. Hybridization and geometry.Magnetic properties of octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes. Introduction to crystal field theory. Splitting of d orbitals in octahedral and tetrahedral fields (qualitative only). Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis and biological systems such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin and vitamin B12 (structures not included).

UNIT 15: BASIC PRINCIPLES, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Distinction between organic and inorganic compounds. Tetra valence of carbon. Catenation. Hybridization (sp, sp2 and sp3). Shapes of simple molecules. General introduction to naming of organic compounds.

Trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature. Illustrations with examples. Structural isomerism. Examples of functional groups containing oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur and halogens.

Purification of carbon compounds:

Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography (column and paper only). Qualitative analysis: Detection of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and halogens.

Quantitative analysis: Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens (principles only), and related numerical problems. Calculation of empirical and molecular formulae.

UNIT 16: HYDROCARBONS

Classification of hydrocarbons. Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature and conformation of ethane.3D structures and 2D projections (Sawhorse and Newman).

Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature.Geometrical isomerism in alkenes. Stability of alkenes. General methods of preparation. Physical and chemical properties. Markownikoff’s rule. Peroxide effect. Acidic character of alkynes. Polymerization reactions of dienes.

Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature. Isomerism. Benzene and its homologues. Structure of Benzene.Resonance. Delocalisation in benzene. Concept of aromaticity (an elementary idea). Chemical reactions of benzene. Polynuclear hydrocarbons and their toxicity.

UNIT 17: ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, electromeric, resonance and hyperconjugation effects. Fission of a covalent bond. Free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations and carbanions.

Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions. Illustrations with examples. Mechanism of electrophilic addition reactions in alkenes. Concept of delocalisation of electrons. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on reactivity (in benzene ring only).

UNIT 18: STEREOCHEMISTRY

Stereoisomerism: Geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism. Specific rotation. Chirality and chiral objects. Chiral molecules. Configuration and Fischer projections. Asymmetric carbon. Elements of symmetry. Compounds containing one chiral center. Enantiomers. Racemic form. Racemization.Compounds containing two chiral centers. Diastereo isomers. Meso form. Resolution.

UNIT 19: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING HALOGENS

Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Nomenclature and general methods of preparation. Physical properties. Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes. Chemical properties and uses of chloromethane and chlorobenzene.

Polyhalogen compounds: Preparation and properties of chloroform and iodoform. Uses of some commercially important compounds (chloroform, iodoform, DDT, BHC and freon).

UNIT 20: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING OXYGEN

Alcohols: Nomenclature. Important methods of preparation (from aldehydes, ketones, alkyl halides and hydration of alkenes). Manufacture of ethanol from molasses. Physical and chemical properties. Reactions with alkali metals and acids. Formation of alkenes, ethers and esters. Reactions with PX3 , PX5, SOCl2.Oxidation of alcohols. Dehydrogenation.

Phenols: Nomenclature. Preparation of phenol (from sodium benzenesulphonate, benzene diazoniumchloride and chlorobenzene). Physical and chemical properties of phenol. Acidity of phenol.Action of phenol with FeCl3. Bromination, sulphonation and nitration of phenol.

Ethers: Nomenclature. Methods of preparation (from alcohols and alkyl halides). Williamson’s synthesis. Physical and chemical properties. Formation of peroxides. Actions with HI, HF and H2SO4.

Some commercially important compounds: Methanol, ethanol (fermentation).

Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature. Electronic structure of carbonyl group. Methods of preparation (from alcohols, acid chlorides, ozonolysis of alkenes and hydration of alkynes). Friedel-Crafts acylation for acetophenone. General properties (physical and chemical) of aldehydes and ketones. Formation of paraldehyde and metaldehyde. Addition of NaHSO3, NH3 and its derivatives, Grignard reagent, HCN and alcohols. Oxidation reactions with Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s solution. Oxidation of ketones. Reduction with LiAlH4. Clemmensen reduction. Wolff- Kischner reduction. Aldol condensation. Cannizzaro reaction.

Carboxylic acid: Nomenclature. Electronic structure of –COOH. Methods of Preparation (from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkyl benzenesand hydrolysis of cyanide). Physical properties. Effects of substituents on acid strength. Chemical reactions.

UNIT 21: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Amines: Nomenclature. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Methods of preparation. Physical properties. Basic nature. Chemical reaction. Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and isocyanides. Diazonium salts. Preparation and chemical reactions of benzene diazoniumchloride in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 22: POLYMERS AND BIOMOLECULES

Polymers: Classification. Addition and condensation polymerization. Copolymerization. Natural rubber and vulcanization. Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers. Biopolymers. Biodegradable polymers. Some commercially important polymers: Polyethene, polystyrene, PVC, Teflon, PAN, BUNA-N, BUNA-S, neoprene, Terylene, glyptal, nylon-6, nylon-66 and Bakelite.

Biomolecules: Classification of carbohydrates. Structure and properties of glucose.

Reducing and nonreducing sugars: Properties of sucrose, maltose and lactose (structures not included).

Polysaccharides:Properties of starch and cellulose.

Proteins: Amino acids. Zwitterions. Peptide bond. Polypeptides.Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of protein. Denaturation of proteins. Enzymes. Nucleic acids. Types of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA, and their chemical composition. Primary structure of DNA. Double helix.

Vitamins: Classification and functions in biosystems.

UNIT 23: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE

Soil, water and air pollutions. Ozone layer. Smog. Acid rain. Green house effect and global warming.Industrial air pollution. Importance of green chemistry. Chemicals in medicine and health care. Drug-target interaction, Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, antacids, antihistamines, antibiotics, disinfectants, antifertility drugs, chemicals in food, preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants and edible colours, cleansing agents, soaps and synthetic detergents, antimicrobials.

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admin Engineering Entrance, MBBS Entrance, State Entrance Exams KEAM Chemistry Entrance Exam

Kerala KEAM Physics Syllabus

PHYSICS

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION AND MEASUREMENT

Physics – Scope and excitement; Physics in relation to science, society and technology – inventions, names

of scientists and their fields, nobel prize winners and topics, current developments in physical sciences

and related technology. Units for measurement – systems of units, S .I units, conversion from other

systems to S.I units. Fundamental and derived units. Measurement of length, mass and time, least count

in measuring instruments (eg. vernier calipers, screw gauge etc), Dimensional analysis and applications,

order of magnitude, accuracy and errors in measurement, random and instrumental errors, significant

figures and rounding off principles.

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admin Engineering Entrance, MBBS Entrance, State Entrance Exams Keam Physics Syllabus, Kerala KEAM

KEAM Entrance Exam Syllabus

Given Below is the Syllabus for KEAM 2010 Entrance Exam

KEAM Mathematics Syllabus

KEAM  Physics Syllabus

KEAM  Chemistry Syllabus

KEAM  Biology Syllabus

Kerala KEAM 2010 Dates and Notification

KERALA ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAM SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS AND TEST PREPARATION CD

KERALA MBBS ENTRANCE EXAM SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS AND TEST PREPARATION CD

admin Engineering Entrance, MBBS Entrance, State Entrance Exams KEAM Entrance Test

West Bengal JEE Exam Syllabus for Biology

WEST BENGAL JOINT ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS BOARD

SYLLABUS FOR JEM – 2009

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Unit of Life : Definition of life, Cell as the basic unit of life. Cell theory, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell –

structure and differences.

Ultrastructure and functions of cellular components : Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Plastid, Endoplasmic

reticulum, Golgi bodies, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Nucleus, Centrosomes, Cilia, Flagella.

Microscopy : Components and principles of Simple and Compound Microscope;

Electron Microscope : Basic functional principles.

Physical and chemical principles involved in maintenance of life processes :Diffusion, Osmosis,

Absorption, Osmoregulation.

Biomolecules : Classification and structural properties of carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, proteins and

nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates : Monosaccharides, digosaccharides, and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose).

Proteins :Simple (albumins, globulins, collagen) and conjugated proteins (only examples).

Nucleic acids : Structure of DNA, RNA, types of RNA.

Enzymes : Definition & properties, Examples; Mechanism of Action, Allosterism and Regulation.

Chromosomes and Cell Division : Morphology of chromosomes; Euchromatin and Heterochromatin.

Nucleic acid as genetic material (Examples: Bacterial Transformation and Viral Transduction).

Brief idea of Polytene chromosomes:Cell cycle and phases (excluding control mechanism). Characters of

malignant cell; Process & significance of Meiosis.

Genetics : Laws of Heredity : (Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; Mendel’s laws). Back cross, Test cross,

Linkage, Crossing over, Sex linked inheritance – Colour blindness, Haemophilia.

Mutation – Definition and Types; Replication of DNA, Transcription and Translation (Brief idea).

Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Life :Haldane and Oparin’s concept on origin of life. Modern concept

of Natural selection, Biological Species concept.

Human evolution – an outline.

Taxonomy and Classification : Definition; Importance of Taxonomy, Binomial Nomenclature, Law of

Priority (Homonym & Synonym).

Concept of Biodiversity : Definition of Biodiversity ; Genetic diversity; Species diversity and Ecosystem

diversity. Five kingdom classification (only distinct characters).Salient features of major animal phyla with

common examples, classification of Chordates (up to Sub Class) with distinctive characters only.

Population Biology :Concept of population growth (logistic and exponential) and population control.

Ecosystem : Concept of ecosystem and Biosphere, Wetland..

Brief idea of Ecological pyramids, Energy flow, Biogeochemical cycle (concept only).

Environmental pollution : Air, water and noise pollution – sources effects and probable control strategies;

Biomagnification and Bioaccumulation. Cause of Dyslexia, Minamata and Etai etai diseases. Green house

effect, BOD, COD, Acid rain and Ozone hole.

Virus and Bacteria :Morphological characteristics of Bacteriophage (T2),Plant virus (TMV);Animal virus

(influenza),Bacterial cell (E. coli).

Staining : Gram staining for bacteria.

Biotechnological application of microbes : (a)Agricultural – Rhizobium and other Nitrogen fixing

bacteria, Biofertilizers and Bio- pesticides ; (b) Industrial – Production of curd; tanning and brewery;

synthesis of antibiotics, vitamin. (c)Cloning of microbial genes.

Tissue and tissue system :(a)Plant Tissues–Meristematic and permanent (types with characterization and

function).(b)Animal Tissue – outline classification and examples.

Functions of life :

Photosynthesis :

Major photosynthetic pigments, outline concept of light and dark reaction phases, basic idea of bacterial

photosynthesis, C2, C3, C4 pathways, CAM (in brief), photorespiration.

Respiratory system :

(a) Definition of respiration, Mechanisms of glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle (Flow chart only; calculation for

ATP, CO2 & H2O) ; Outline idea of Electron Transport system, Relationships of photosynthesis and

respiration. (b)Respiratory system in human : Respiratory tract, Mechanism of breathing, Role of

intercostals muscles and diaphragm;

Significance of physiological and anatomical dead space.

Tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes, residual volume, vital capacity. Composition

of inspired, expired and alveolar air. Common respiratory diseases – definition and causes – Asthma,

Tuberculosis, Hypoxia, Anoxia, Apnoea, Dyspnoea.

Cardiovascular system & Blood :

Anatomy of Heart – junctional tissues of the heart; origin and propagation of cardiac impulse. Histological

structures of arteries, veins and capillaries.

Cardiac cycle – Atrial and ventricular events only; cardiac cycle time, Heart sound.

Cardiac output – definition, Stroke and Minutes volume.

Blood pressure : factors controlling & measurement.

Blood – Composition and functions of blood.

Blood coagulation and anticoagulants, Blood group and Rh factor, Blood Transfusion, Lymph and tissue

fluid formation and functions, Portal circulation.

Nutrition and Digestive system :Basic constituents of food and their nutritional significance. Vitamins –

dietary sources, functions and deficiency symptoms of water and fat soluble vitamins. Structure and

functions of the alimentary canal and the digestive glands. Functions of the digestive juices (saliva, gastric

juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice), Biles.

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Diseases – Peptic and Gastric ulcers,

Gastritis; fasting and obesity.

Metabolism : Definition; B.M.R. – Controlling factors; elementary idea of metabolic pathways;

glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, Oxidation of fatty acids, Ketone body formation and its

significance.

Deamination, Transamination and Decarboxylation of aminoacids (definition only).

Excretory system : Histology and function of the nephron (brief idea)

Normal and abnormal constituents of urine.

Nervous and Muscular system : Brief outline of human brain structure.

Cranial nerves : Distribution and Function.Spinal cord – Structure and major functions, Reflex arc (types)

and reflex action : Conditional and unconditional reflexes.

Autonomic : sympathetic and parasympathetic (definition only) nervous system.

Synapse : Structure and mechanism of synaptic transmission.

Different types of muscles and their structure, properties of muscles

(i)Excitability (ii)Contractility (iii)All or none law (iv)Refractory period (v)Summation of stimuli

(vi)Tetanus (vii)Rigor mortis; Machanism of muscle contraction.

Endocrine system and animal hormones :

Definition of endocrine glands and hormones, functions of hormones released from (i)pituitary (ii)thyroid

(iii)pancreas (iv)adrenal (v)gastrointestinal gland, An outline mechanism of action of protein & steroid

hormones.

Causes and symptoms of Acromegaly,Diabetis insipidus, Diabetis mellitus, Goiter, Cushing’s disease.

Growth, Reproduction, and Ageing :

A. In Plants :

Different parts of a typical flower (China rose). Types of flower : regular and irregular, actinomorphic,

zygomorphic.Aestivation in Musaceae & Malvaceae.Floral formula : Definition, symbols used in floral

formulae in Musaceae (e.g. Banana) and Malvaceae (eg. China rose) ; Pollination – Definition, self and

cross pollination; Merits and demerits of self and cross pollination. Fertilization – Process of double

fertilization. Dispersal of fruits and seeds – Types with examples. Phases and factors of Growth, Differences

between growth and development, Abscission senescence, ageing and growth of seeding and the role of

gibberellic acid.

B. In Animals :

Primary and secondary sex organs and secondary sex characters – Testis – Histology, Functions of

Testosterone. Spermatogenesis (outline). Ovary – Histology : Functions of estrogen and progesterone;

Oogenesis (outline); structure of mature Graafian follicle .

Menstrual cycle (brief idea). Fertilization and Implantation.

Immunology : A brief idea of antigen and antibody. Elementary knowledge of inherited, acquired, humoral,

cell mediated immunity. Active and passive immunity. Prevention of AIDS and Hepatitis B.

Medical, Agricultural and Economic zoology:

A.Outline idea of diseases, their causative organism, mode of infection, symptoms and preventive measures

of :

(i) Malaria

(ii) Filariasis

(iii) Ascariaisis

Distinguishing features of Culex, Anopheles and Aedes

Life cycle and comparative study of Culex and Anopheles;

Causative agents of encephalitis and kalaazar and control of their vectors.

B. Characteristic features of major and minor carps and examples of exotic carps. Mechanism of induced

breeding – hypophysation.

Composite culture of carps, common diseases of carp – Gillrot, fin rot and Dropsy.

Definition of pest, Damage symptoms and control of Scirpophaga incertulus and Leptocorisa acuta.

C.Poultry – Types of poultry birds ; high yielding varieties of poultry birds. Species of honey bees in India

and different castes in a colony. Composition and uses of honey.

Chemical composition of silk, types of silk and silk worms.

Life cycles of mulberry silk worm. Structure of silk gland.

Symptoms of Flacherie, Muscardine, Grassarie and Pebrine.

Application of Biology :

Pesticides and Biological Pest Control – Benefit and hazards, Basic principles of ex situ and in situ

conservation. Red Data Book, Green Data Book.

Role of phytohormones in horticulture and agriculture.

Hybridization in plants – Definition and techniques.

Idea about plant cell and tissue culture – Micropropagation.

Principles and application of transgenic plants and animal, Test tube baby.

Biomedical engineering :

Application – ECG & EEG

Imaging – USG, CT Scan, X-ray,MRI

Therapeutic – Pacemaker, Dialyzer.

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West Bengal JEE Syllabus for Chemistry

WEST BENGAL JOINT ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS BOARD

SYLLABUS FOR JEM – 2009

CHEMISTRY

Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Arithmetic :

Dalton’s atomic theory; Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volume; Avogadro’s Hypothesis and its applications.

Atomic mass; Molecular mass; Equivalent weight; Valency; Gram atomic weight; Gram molecular weight;

Gram equivalent weight and mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations

(based on mole concept) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralization, and displacement reactions;

Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.

Percentage composition, empirical formula and molecular formula; Numerical problems.

Atomic Structure

Concept of Nuclear Atom – electron, proton and neutron (charge and mass), atomic number; Rutherford’s

model and its limitations; Extra nuclear structure; Line spectra of hydrogen atom.

Quantization of energy (Planck’s equation E = hv); Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and its limitations,

Sommerfelds modifications (elementary idea); The four quantum numbers, ground state electronic

configurations of many electron atoms and mono-atomic ions; The Aufbau Principle; Pauli’s Exclusion

Principle and Hund’s Rule.

Uncertainty principle; The concept of atomic orbitals, shapes of s, p and d orbitals (pictorial approach)

Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

Radioactivity – α-, β-, γ-rays and their properties; Artificial transmutation; Rate of radioactive decay, decay

constant, half-life and average life period of radio-elements; Units of radioactivity; Numerical problems.

Stability of the atomic nucleus – effect of neutron–proton (n/p) ratio on the modes of decay, group

displacement law, radioisotopes and their uses (C, P, Co and I as examples) isobars and isotones (definition

and examples), elementary idea of nuclear fission and fusion reactions.

The Periodic Table and Chemical Families

Modern periodic law (based on atomic number); Modern periodic table based on electronic configurations,

groups (Gr. 1–18) and periods. Types of elements-representative (s-block and p-block), transition (d-block)

elements and inner transition (f-block / lanthanides and actinides) and their general characteristics. Periodic

trends in physical and chemical properties–atomic radii, valency, ionization energy, electron affinity,

electronegativity, metallic character, acidic and basic characters of oxides and hydrides of the representative

elements (up to Z = 36). Position of hydrogen and the noble gases in the periodic table; Diagonal

relationships.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons, the Octet rule, electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent bonds with examples;

Properties of electrovalent and covalent compounds. Limitations of Octet rule (examples); Fajan’s Rule.

Directionality of covalent bonds, shapes of poly-atomic molecules (examples); Concept of hybridization of

atomic orbitals (qualitative pictorial approach) : sp, sp2, sp3 and dsp2.

Molecular orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species – bond order and magnetic properties.

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) concept (elementary idea) – shapes of molecules. Concept

of resonance (elementary idea), resonance structures (examples). Elementary idea about electronegativity,

bond polarity and dipole moment, inter- and intra- molecular hydrogen bonding and its effects on physical

properties (mp, bp and solubility); Hydrogen bridge bonds in diborane.

Double salts and complex salts, co-ordination compounds (examples only), co-ordination number (examples

of co-ordination number 4 and 6 only).

Gaseous state

Measurable properties of gases. Boyle’s Law and Charles Law, absolute scale of temperature, kinetic theory

of gases, ideal gas equation – average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relationship

with temperature.

Dalton’s Law of partial pressure, Graham’s Law of gaseous diffusion. Deviations from ideal behavior.

Liquefaction of gases, real gases, van der Waal’s equation; Numerical problems.

Chemical Energetics and Chemical Dynamics

Chemical Energetics – conservation of energy principle, energy changes in physical and chemical

transformations. First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure-volume work;

Enthalpy. Internal energy change (ΔE) and Enthalpy change (ΔH) in a chemical reaction. Hess’s Law and its

applications (Numerical problems). Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization; Second law of

thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity.

Chemical Equilibria – The Law of mass action, dynamic nature of chemical equilibria. Equilibrium

constants, Le Chatelier’s Principle. Equilibrium constants of gaseous reactions (Kp and Kc) and relation

between them (examples). Significance of ΔG and ΔG°.

Chemical Dynamics – Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions (concentration, pressure,

temperature, catalyst). Arrhenius equation and concept of activation energy.

Order and molecularity (determination excluded); First order reactions, rate constant, half-life (numerical

problems), examples of first order and second order reactions.

Physical Chemistry of Solutions

Colloidal Solutions – differences from true solutions; Hydrophobic and hydrophilic colloids (examples and

uses); Coagulation and peptization of colloids; Dialysis and its applications; Brownian motion; Tyndall

effect and its applications; Elementary idea of emulsion, surfactant and micelle.

Electrolytic Solutions – Specific conductance, equivalent conductance, ionic conductance, Kohlrausch’s

law, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, applications. Numerical problems.

Non-electrolytic Solutions – Types of solution, vapour pressure of solutions. Raoult’s Law; Colligative

properties – lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic

pressure and their relationships with molecular mass (without derivations); Numerical problems.

Ionic and Redox Equilibria

Ionic equilibria – ionization of weak electrolytes, Ostwald’s dilution law. Ionization constants of weak

acids and bases, ionic product of water, the pH – scale, pH of aqueous solutions of acids and bases;

Buffer solutions, buffer action and Henderson equation.

Acid-base titrations, acid-base indicators (structures not required).

Solubility and Solubility Products.

Common ion effect (no numerical problems).

Redox Equilibria – Oxidation-Reduction reactions as electron transfer processes, oxidation numbers,

balancing of redox reactions by oxidation number and ion-electron methods.

Standard electrode potentials (E°), Electrochemical series, feasibility of a redox reaction.

Significance of Gibb’s equation : ΔG° = – nFΔE° (without derivation), no numerical problems.

Redox titrations with (examples); Nernst equations (Numerical problems).

Chemistry of Non-metallic Elements and their Compounds

Carbon – occurrence, isotopes, allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerene); CO and CO2 production, properties

and uses.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus – occurrence, isotopes, allotopes, isolation from natural sources and purification,

reactivity of the free elements. Preparation, properties, reactions of NH3, PH3 , NO, NO2 , HNO2, HNO3,

P4O10, H3PO3 and H3PO4.

Oxygen and Sulfur – Occurrence, isotopes, allotropic forms, isolation from natural sources and purification,

properties and reactions of the free elements. Water, unusual properties of water, heavy water (production

and uses). Hydrogen peroxide and ozone (production, purification, properties and uses).

Halogen

Halogens – comparative study, occurrence, physical states and chemical reactivities of the free elements,

peculiarities of fluorine and iodine; Hydracids of halogens (preparation, properties, reactions and uses),

inter-halogen compounds (examples); Oxyacids of chlorine.

Chemistry of metals :

General principles of metallurgy – occurrence, concentration of ores, production and purification of metals,

mineral wealth of India.

Typical metals (Na, Ca, Al, Fe, Cu and Zn) – occurrence, extraction, purification (where applicable),

properties and reactions with air, water, acids and non-metals.

Manufacture of steels and alloy steel (Bessemer, Open-Hearth and L.D. process).

Principles of chemistry involved in electroplating, anodizing and galvanizing.

Chemistry in Industry

Large scale production (including physicochemical principles where applicable omitting technical details

and uses of individual items).

Heavy chemicals : Sulfuric acid (contact process), Ammonia (Haber’s process), Nitric acid (Ostwald’s

process), sodium bi-carbonate and sodium carbonate (Solvey process).

Polymers, Polythene, Nylon-66, rubber from natural source, vulcanization.

Electrochemicals – sodium hydroxide, chlorine, bleaching powder as by-products.

Fuel Gases – LPG, CNG.

Silicon carbide and silicones.

Environmental Chemistry

Common modes of pollution of air, water and soil. Ozone layer, ozone hole – important chemical reactions.

Green House effect; Smog; Pollution of water by domestic and industrial effluents; Pollutants–pesticides,

fertilizers and plastics.

Chemistry of carbon compounds

Hybridization of carbon – σ- and π-bonds.

Isomerism – constitutional and stereoisomerism; Geometrical and optical isomerism of compounds

containing upto two asymmetric carbon atoms. IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds–

hydrocarbons, mono and bifunctional molecules only (alicyclic and heterocyclic compounds excluded).

Conformations of ethane and n-butane (Newman projection only).

Electronic effects – inductive, resonance and hyperconjugation. Stability of carbocation, carbanion

and free radicals; Rearrangement of carbocation; Electrophiles and nucleophiles, tautomerism in β-

dicarbonyl compounds, acidity and basicity of simple organic compounds.

Aliphatic Compounds

Alkanes – Preparation from alkyl halides and carboxylic acids; Reactions – halogenation and

combustion.

Alkenes and Alkynes – Preparation by elimination of alcohols, alkyl halides and quaternary ammonium

hydroxides, Saytzeff and Hofmann rules; Reactions – electrophilic addition of X2, HX, HOX, H2O (X =

halogen), ozonolysis, epoxidation and oxidation with KMnO4, OsO4 (stereochemistry of addition excluded).

Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s additions; Hydroboration; Oxymercuration – demercuration,

reduction of alkenes and alkynes (H2/Lindler catalyst and Na in liquid NH3), metal acetylides.

Alkyl halides – Preparation from alcohols; Formation of Grignard reagents and their synthetic applications

for the preparation of alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and acids; SN1 and SN2 reactions (preliminary

concept).

Alcohols – Preparation from carbonyl compounds and esters. Reaction – dehydration, oxidation,

esterification, reaction with sodium, ZnCl2 / HCl, phosphorous halides.

Ethers – Preparation by Williamson’s synthesis; Cleavage with HCl and HI.

Aldehydes and Ketones – Preparation from esters, acid chlorides, gem-dihalides, Ca-salt of carboxylic

acids. Reaction – Nucleophilic addition with HCN, hydrazine, hydroxyl amines, semi carbazides,

alcohols; Aldol condensation, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reduction, haloform, Cannizzaro and

Wittig reactions.

Carboxylic Acids – Hydrolysis of esters (mechanism excluded) and cyanides; Hunsdicker and HVZ

reactions.

Aliphatic Amines – Preparation from nitro, cyano and amido compounds. Distinction of 1º, 2º and 3º amines

(Hinsberg method); Reaction with HNO2; Carbyl amine reaction.

Aromatic Compounds

Benzene – Kekule structure, aromaticity and Hückel rule. Electrophilic substitution – halogenation,

sulfonation, nitration, Friedel Crafts reaction, ozonolysis. Directive influence of substituents in

monosubstituted benzenes.

Amines – Preparation from reduction of nitro compounds; Formation of diazonium salts and their stability;

Replacement of diazonium group with H, OH, X (halogen), CN and NO2, diazocoupling and reduction.

Haloarenes – Nucleophilic substitution, cine substitution (excluding mechanism).

Phenols – halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, Reimer-Tiemann and Kolbe reactions.

Aromatic Aldehydes – Preparation by Gattermann, Gattermann – Koch, Rosenmund and Stephen’s

method. Reactions – Perkin, Benzoin and Cannizzaro.

Application Oriented chemistry

Main ingredients, their chemical natures (structures excluded) and their side effects, if any, of common

antiseptics, analgesics, antacids, vitamin-C.

Introduction to Bio-molecules

Carbohydrates – Pentoses and hexoses. Distinctive chemical reactions of glucose.

Aminoacids – glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine (structures). Zwitterion structures of amino acids,

peptide bond.

ADP and ATP – structures and role in bioenergetics; Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA skeleton structures.

Names of essential elements in biological system.

Principles of qualitative analysis

Detection of water soluble noninterfaring Acid and Basic Radicals by dry and wet tests from among :

(a) Acid Radicals : Cl-, S2-, SO4

2-, NO–

3, CO3

2-

(b) Basic Radicals: Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4

+

Detection of special elements (N, Cl, Br, I and S) in organic compounds by chemical tests.

Identification of functional groups in : phenols, aromatic amines, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic

acids.

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West Bengal JEE Syllabus for Physics

WEST BENGAL JOINT ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS BOARD

SYLLABUS FOR JEM – 2009

PHYSICS

Mechanics & General properties of matter

(i) Units and dimensions : Units of measurement, system of units, fundamental and derived units, S I

units, dimensional analysis.

Methods of measurement: Vernier scale, screw gauge, analysis of errors, significant figures.

(ii) Scalars and vectors: Addition, subtraction, multiplication of vectors.

(iii) Kinematics in one, two and three dimensions, projectiles, uniform circular motion,centripetal

force, centrifigual force, relative velocity.

(iv) Dynamics: Newton’s laws of motion; inertial frames, uniformly accelerated frame (pseudoforces),

conservation of linear momentum, rocket motion, centre of mass, impulsive forces, friction.

(v) Work, Power and Energy , conservative and non-conservative forces, conservation of energy,

collision(elastic and inelastic)

(vi) .Rotational motion : Torque, angular momentum and conservation of angular momentum,

moment of inertia, radius of gyration, moment of inertia of objects with simple geometrical shapes,

rotational kinetic energy and rolling on horizontal surface.

Gravitation: Laws of gravitation, gravitational field and potential, acceleration due to gravity and

its variation, escape velocity, Kepler’s laws and planetary motion, motion of satellites,

Geostationary orbit.

Elasticity: Hooke’s law, elastic modulii, Poisson’s ratio, elastic energy.

Hydrostatics and fluid mechanics: Pressure in a fluid, Pascal’s law, Archimedes’ principle,

hydraulic press.

Surface energy and surface tension, capillary rise.

Viscosity, streamline and turbulent motion, critical velocity, Reynold’s number, Stoke’s law,

Bernoulli’s theorem.

Vibrations: Simple Harmonic Motion, equation of motion, damped and forced vibrations,

resonance, superposition of SHM.

Wave motion: Elastic waves, longitudinal and transverse waves. progressive waves, superposition

of waves: interference, stationary waves, beats, vibration of strings, air columns, velocity of elastic

waves in different media, Doppler effect.

Thermal Physics: Scales of temperature, thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases,

calorimetry, change of state of matter, latent heat, transition temperature, Transmission of heat:

conduction, convection, radiation, Black body radiation, absorptive and emissive powers: Kirchoffs

law, Wien’s law, Stefan’s law, Newton’s law of cooling, Kinetic theory : mean free path, pressure of

an ideal gas, mean and rms velocity of molecules of a gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature,

degrees of freedom, equipartition of energy(statement only) — application to monoatomic and

diatomic gases.

Thermodynamics: first law of thermodynamics, equivalence of heat and work, intensive and

extensive thermodynamic variables, reversible and irreversible processes, specific heats of gases,

relation between Cp and Cv.

Optics : reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces, total internal reflection, thin

lenses, power of a lens, combination of lenses and mirrors, deviation and dispersion by prisms.

Simple and compound microscopes, astronomical telescope, human eye: defects and remedies.

Coherent sources, interference of light, Young’s double slit.

Electrostatics : Coulomb’s law, electric field and potential,flux of electric field, Gauss’ law,

electric field and potential due to an infinite line charge, charged infinite sheet, solid spheres and

spherical shells.Electric dipole and field due to dipole.

Capacitance, spherical and parallel plate capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor, series and parallel

combination of capacitors,

Current electricity : Electric current, drift velocity and mobility, Ohm’s law, resistivity,

combination of resistances in series and parallel, combination of cells.

Kirchoffs laws, Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge, potentiometer.

Heating effect of current, thermoelectricity, Seebeck and Peltier effect.

Chemical effect of current, Faraday’s law of electrolysis,:primary and secondary cells.

Electromagnatism : Magnetic effects of Current, Biot Savart’s law, magnetic field due to an

infinite line charge, circular coil and solenoid, Ampere’s circuital law, Lorentz force, Fleming’s left

hand rule, force between two current carrying conductors, magnetic moment of a current loop,

magnetic dipole, torque experienced by a current carrying coil in a uniform magnetic field,

galvanometer, current sensitivity, conversion of galvanometer to voltmeter and ammeter.

Magnetic field of earth, tangent galvanometer, magnetic properties of materials : Dia, para and

ferromagnet , permeability, susceptibility.

Electromagnetic induction : Magnetic flux, Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s

law, self and mutual induction, , Flemings right hand rule, Alternating current, peak and rms

value of alternating current; generator, D.C. motor and transformer

Qualitative idea of electromagnetic wave and its spectrum .

Modern Physics: Bohr’s atomic model for hydrogen like atom, hydrogen spectrum,

x-ray emission, Moseley’s law, wave particle duality, de Broglie’s hypothesis, photo electric effect .

Constituents of atoms, isotopes, mass defect, mass-energy equivalence, binding energy.

radioactivity – α, β, γ radiation, half life, mean life, fission, fusion.

Energy bands in solids, intrinsic and doped semiconductors, p-n junction diode, rectifier, pnp and

npn transistors, common emitter characteristics.

Binary number, AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR gates .

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West Bengal JEE Syllabus for Mathematics

WEST BENGAL JOINT ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS BOARD

SYLLABUS FOR JEM – 2009

M A T H E M A T I C S

Algebra

A.P., G.P., H.P. :Definitions of A. P. and G.P.; General term; Summation of first n-terms; A.M.and

G.M.; Definitions of H.P. (only 3 terms) and H.M.; Finite arithmetico-geometric series.

A.P., G.P., H.P. :Definition; General properties; Change of base.

Complex Numbers: Definition and properties of complex numbers; Complex conjugate; Triangle

inequality; Square root of complex numbers; Cube roots of unity; D’Moivre’s theorem (statement only)

and its elementary applications.

Quadratic Equations : Quadratic equations with real coefficients; Relations between roots and

coefficients; Nature of roots; Formation of a quadratic equation, sign and magnitude of the quadratic

expression ax2+bx+c (a,b,c are rational numbers and a≠0).

Permutation and combination : Permutation of n different things taken r at a time (r ≤ n). Permutation of n

things not all different. Permutation with repetitions (circular permutation excluded).

Combinations of n different things taken r at a time (r ≤ n). Combination of n things not all different.

Basic properties.

Problems involving both permutations and combinations.

Principle of Mathematical Induction : Statement of the principle. Proof by induction for the sum of

squares, sum of cubes of first n natural numbers, divisibility properties like 2 2n – 1 is divisible by 3 (n ≥

1), 7 divides 32n+1+2 n+2(n ≥ 1).

Binomial theorem (positive integral index) :Statement of the theorem, general term, middle term,

equidistant terms, properties of binomial co-efficients.

Infinite series :Binomial theorem for negative and fractional index. Infinite G.P. series, Exponential and

Logarithmic series with range of validity (statement only), simple applications.

Matrices : Concepts of m× n (m ≤ 3, n ≤ 3) real matrices, operations of addition, scalar multiplication and

multiplication of matrices. Transpose of a matrix. Determinant of a square matrix. Properties of

determinants (statement only). Minor, cofactor and adjoint of a matrix. Nonsingular matrix. Inverse of a

matrix. Finding area of a triangle. Solutions of system of linear equations. (Not more than 3 variables).

Sets, Relations and Mappings : Idea of sets, subsets, power set, complement, union, intersection and

difference of sets, Venn diagram, De Morgan’s Laws, Inclusion / Exclusion formula for two or three

finite sets, Cartesian product of sets.

Relation and its properties. Equivalence relation – definition and elementary examples, mappings, range

and domain, injective, surjective and bijective mappings, composition of mappings, inverse of a

mapping.

Probability : Classical definition, addition rule, conditional probability and Bayes’ theorem,

independence, multiplication rule.

Trigonometry

Trigonometric ratios, compound angles, multiple and submultiple angles, general solution of trigonometric

equations. Properties of triangles, inverse trigonometric functions.

Co-ordinate geometry of two dimensions

Basic Ideas : Distance formula, section formula, area of a triangle, condition of collinearity of three

points in a plane.

Polar coordinates, transformation from Cartesian to polar coordinates and vice versa. Parallel

transformation of axes, concept of locus, elementary locus problems.

Straight line : Slope of a line. Equation of lines in different forms, angle between two lines. Condition

of perpendicularity and parallelism of two lines. Distance of a point from a line. Distance between two

parallel lines. Lines through the point of intersection of two lines.

Circle : Equation of a circle with a given center and radius. Condition that a general equation of second

degree in x, y may represent a circle. Equation of a circle in terms of endpoints of a diameter .

Parametric equation of a circle. Intersection of a line with a circle. Equation of common chord of two

intersecting circles.

Conics : Definition, Directrix, Focus and Eccentricity, classification based on eccentricity.

Parabola :Standard equation. Reduction of the form x = ay²+by+c or y = ax²+bx+c to the standard form

y² = 4ax or x² = 4ay respectively. Elementary properties and parametric equation of a parabola.

Ellipse and Hyperbola : Reduction to standard form of general equation of second degree when xy

term is absent. Conjugate hyperbola. Simple properties. Parametric equations. Location of a point with

respect to a conic.

Differential calculus : Functions, composition of two functions and inverse of a function, limit,

continuity, derivative, chain rule, derivatives of implicit functions and of functions defined

parametrically.

Rolle’s Theorem and Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem (statement only). Their geometric interpretation

and elementary application. L’Hospital’s rule (statement only) and applications.

Second order derivative.

Integral calculus : Integration as a reverse process of differentiation, indefinite integral of

standard functions. Integration by parts. Integration by substitution and partial fraction.

Definite integral as a limit of a sum with equal subdivisions. Fundamental theorem of integral calculus

and its applications. Properties of definite integrals.

Differential Equations : Formulation and solution of differential equations of the forms.

1) dy / dx = ƒ(x).g(y)

2) dy / dx = ƒ(y/x)

3) dy / dx = (ax+by) / (cx+dy)

4) dy / dx = (a1x+b1y+c1 )/ (a2x+b2y+c2 ) /(a1/a2 = b1/b2)

5) dy / dx + p(x)y = Q(x)

6) d²y / dx² + p1 dy/dx + p2y = 0 with p1 and p2constants.

7) d²y/dx² = ƒ(x)

Application of Calculus : Tangents and normals, conditions of tangency. Determination of monotonicity, maxima and minima. Differential coefficient as a measure of rate.Motion in a straight line with constant acceleration.Geometric interpretation of definite integral as area, calculation of area bounded by elementary curves and straight lines. Area of the region included between two elementary curves.

Also Check out >> WEST BENGAL JEM  ENTRANCE EXAM SYLLABUS

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Given Below is the Syllabus  of WBJEE (West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam)

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